Monopolistic and Oligopoly Market Structures free essay sample

Restraining infrastructure is a kind of market structure wherein there is just a single merchant controlling the entire business of a specific posterity that doesn't have a nearby substitute. Restraining infrastructure versus Oligopoly Restraining infrastructure Market Characteristics One attribute of an imposing business model rialto structure is in the way that the market ruled by the restraining infrastructure is the specific inverse of a serious rialto, where there are numerous contenders offering normalized offsprings for sale.On the syndication showcase, there is no opposition, there is just a single producer offering a novel item. This permits the merchant to dole out to the monopolist a self-assertive value, which guarantees his most extreme benefit. The law of interest doesn't work. The hunger of a monopolist is constrained uniquely by the portion of salary that he will have the option to wrest from the tote of the pursued shopper. Imposing business model rialto is described by a unique market circumstance. This is finished opportunity of activity for one and the absence of opportunity of decision for every other person. Restraining infrastructure rialto has a predetermined number of members: it is possible that one maker (dealer) an imposing business model; or one (purchaser) is a monopsony. As a monopsony, a huge preparing organization generally acts. For instance, it tends to be the biggest metallurgical join in the district for some, little coal mineshafts, the biggest meat manufacturing plant for an assortment of ranches represent considerable authority in the development of cattle.On the imposing business model market there are: a) monopolistically significant expenses set up by an imposing business model, as the sole maker and merchant of the completed item; b) imposing business model low costs set by monopsony, as the sole purchaser of crude materials. For all other rialto members, there might be value scissors when one homestead (residential or ranch) falls into a circumstance of monopolistically high and monopolistically low costs. For instance, a ranch purchases power or PCs at imposing business model significant expenses, and sells its domesticated animals, grain or grapes at restraining infrastructure low costs. The posterity on the restraining infrastructure market can be either separated (different as far as grouping), or the equivalent (norm and constrained in collection). In any case, regardless, there are no substitute goods.The restraining infrastructure rialto implies the failure of different organizations to enter the business, making exceptional boundaries to snags. Among such obstructions, the scale impact assumes a main job. In specific ventures, effectiveness must be accomplished by huge undertakings, which are basically difficult to uproot by other producers.â The posterity of little makers contenders will be uncompetitive for the expenses of its creation. Also, even huge organizations can not make a commendable rivalry without a particular creation base: hardware, innovation, licenses. Negative Features of Monopoly monopolistic market diminishes the way of life (in light of the fact that the customer is compelled to follow through on swelled costs while lessening different expenses), decreases the nature of merchandise (restricted gracefully makes the purchaser less finicky), lessens the monetary effectiveness of creation (imposing business models couldn't care less about cost investment funds, as everything will be paid by the buyer ). At the end of the day, there is no compelling reason to stress just over the value decrease (as in the rialto of flawed rivalry), yet additionally about the nature of the posterity (as in the market of oligopolistic rivalry). This is one of the contrast among syndication and oligopoly. Conditions for the Emergence of a Monopoly Market and Competition The restraining infrastructure rialto emerges chiefly because of the merger of groups that lean toward the peaceful existence of a monopolist with ensured wages to a consistent hazard in a serious battle. There are, in any case, likewise such syndication advertises, the birthplace of which is regular or practical in nature. The normal imposing business model rialto reflects, generally speaking, the uniqueness of the common assets of the nation, district, city (gold stores, valuable stones, oil, or citrus, or resort conditions); copyright is a sort of restraining infrastructure. Proper imposing business model markets emerge where countless makers would decrease financial proficiency (for instance, providing the populace with power, gas, water, phone lines, transport joins, etc.).In most nations, hostile to rialto restraining infrastructures are sought after by the state under the antitrust law: the primary such law was passed in the United States in 1890 and is known by the creators name (Shermans law); any activities of makers that confine opportunity of exchange are disallowed. A firm perceived as a syndication makes good on higher duties, frequently it is compelled to change into a few free crews.Monopoly regularly doesn't permit even the presence of a rival. Also, for this, dumping, unreasonable promoting, pressure on asset suppliers and banks to limit matches in assets; temptation of driving masters; modern surveillance; block attempt of gainful government orders are utilized. It ought to be noticed that the enactment of numerous nations dumping is disa llowed. In any case, practically speaking, it is hard to recognize dumping and a characteristic diminishing in costs, because of lower creation costs. Cartels are disallowed as a type of restraining infrastructure affiliations. In any case, cartel-type tricks can be completed subtly and have no lawful documents.It ought to be noticed that in the states of the restraining infrastructure advertise, for instance, there is potential rivalry the chance of new producers showing up in the business. On the off chance that there is no legitimate restriction to take part in this kind of action, the presence of a contender is consistently possible.â The danger may emerge from a little endeavor organization that has built up an improved variant of the item. This is an opposition of developments. In this way, the monopolist is compelled to take part in a subjective change of its merchandise and the presentation of new monetary techniques for creation, with a resulting decrease in rialto costs. In any case, this is fairly a likely chance of rivalry, as opposed to rivalry itself. Practice convincingly demonstrates that restraining infrastructures that have become out of rivalry change the opposition itself and even totally smother it. So as to secure rivalry and cutoff restraining infrastructures, the state is utilized as a powerful authoritative subject of the market. Therefore, the third sort of rialto is shaped the blended market. Oligopoly Market and Its Features Oligopoly showcases structure the premise of the economy of any mechanically evolved nation since they are inalienable in ventures with the most extreme inventive and speculation potential: car, airplane, substance industry. This sort of rialto takes a moderate situation in its properties between simply monopolistic and monopolist-serious markets. Oligopolies can be either separated or homogeneous as far as the qualities of the offsprings.Its particular highlights are: Few groups on the rialto. For instance, considering the global or intersectoral rivalry of teams creating substitute offsprings, altogether modifies the size of the intensity of an individual firm in the oligopolistic showcase towards its decrease. One quality of an oligopoly showcase structure is in the way that this rialto is very differing. Typically two principle types are recognized: an inflexible oligopoly (wherein 3-4 teams involve the entire market of this item) and a delicate, diffuse, free oligopoly (in which the business has a center of 6-7 biggest groups possessing up to 80% of the rialto and a great deal of different teams of serious condition that work with the rest of the business request). So it is conceivable to talk about the simplicity of passage in an oligopoly in the structure of the rest 20%. From the modest number of teams in the oligopoly condition, the issue of shared impact of groups on one another follows. Desires that the contender firm will change its conduct in light of the activities of this firm make both the costs and the amount of the merchandise bought in the market obscure. For the oligopoly, the interest work isn't indicated ahead of time, as is natural in other rialto models, it is shaped in the dynamic procedure. To decide the conduct of teams under such conditions, a game-hypothetical way to deal with showcase examination dependent on numerical game hypothesis is utilized, which permits deciding the conduct of members in probabilistic circumstances identified with dynamic. Conditions for the Emergence of an Oligopoly Market and Competition The principle explanations behind the arrangement of oligopolistic markets are: a) scale impact, which comprises in diminishing the expenses per unit of yield by concentrating creation and related, from one perspective, the potential outcomes of presenting capital-escalated developments, and then again, by sparing to the detriment of huge acquisition of assets at generally low costs; b) boundaries because of the way that enormous groups own licenses, control wellsprings of crude materials and have the chance to do moderately huge costs for publicizing and promoting; c) converging of groups to accomplish the above advantages. Being associated, oligopolists consider not just the costs, the logical and specialized strategy of their rivals and the interest for their offsprings, yet additionally the value conduct of one another (if the oligopoly has emerged on normalized offsprings). It is conceivable to single out such models of oligopolistic competition:1) oligopoly in the essential ventures with indistinguishable offsprings and a few huge assembling enterprises;2) oligopoly in businesses with non-indistinguishable offsprings and a few enormous teams creating substitute products.

The Diary Of Anne Frank Book Essay Example For Students

The Diary Of Anne Frank Book Essay The Diary of Anne Frank is about a young lady that kept a journal while avoiding Nazis in Amsterdam for a long time. The journal closes when the Nazis discovered her and her family. Her entire family was slaughtered in special case for her dad. She was given the diary on her thirteenth birthday celebration. She basically summed up her life for a long time in this sensational diary. This diary was found after she was slaughtered. The book was distributed in 1947. Twenty-5,000,000 duplicates were sold and it was written in fifty-four dialects. Essentially there have been a ton of surveys on this abstract work. Numerous individuals have had a lot of analysis over the Journal of Anne Frank. From incredible creators to straightforward understudies, all have had their own point of view and view on this everlasting and most essential book. This genuinely shows how the Diary of Anne Frank is one of the most broadly read books on the planet. Anne Franks journal was most likely the main work that individuals really got too observe what the Holocaust was all about. Positively it must be the best book for the subject. The journal unites her adolescence and afterward just known enduring film of Anne Frank. This is an incredible method to portray a representation of Annes life, character imperfections, and everything else. So as to appreciate this bit of abstract work, you should initially gain proficiency with the significance on Jewish culture. This work resembles no other of any Holocaust books. This is all things considered an approach to encounter the difficult experience the Jewish individuals needed to suffer during this dreadful and malevolence timeframe. This story brings us into the eyes of Anne Straight to the point. The Holocaust in truly enlivened. This scholarly work genuinely shows how Anne Frank was a saint of prejudice and a wise writer of her timeframe and place. The work likewise shows the normal youthfulness of Anne Honest and her steady contentions with her mom in specific. It additionally manages the everyday concealing she also, her family experienced. The main issue with the book is that the way that Anne Frank revised her journal around two months before she was caught on the grounds that she needed her diary to be distributed after the war and she needed to examine a vocation in news coverage. Accordingly it is difficult to tell what existed in her unique duplicate and what amount did she include a short time later. This reveals to us that we will never know how a lot information Anne Frank had. It isn't the data that ought to be addressed, yet the sequence. Anne Franks journal is a significant recorded record. The book appears no detail on what was re-composed, possibly on the grounds that the data isn't accessible. The response to the subject of regardless of whether Anne Franks Diary is a sensible evaluation is no in light of the fact that specific passages were taken beforehand.Review Via Carrie Gorringe,Review. She intended to state that the Diary of Anne Frank was a decent method to encounter the Holocaust yet simultaneously there is a ton of missing data. She is attempting to state that there must be basic realities that are not appeared in the book because of that reality that it was reworked in a matter of seconds before her demise and the way that it was deciphered into various dialects. She audits it as an incredible source of really living the Holocaust through the eyes of Anne Straight to the point yet additionally to be in tuned that maybe a ton of data is essentially only not there. This pundit attempted to state that without the missing proof, there is a great deal of information we are absent. She clarifies how without this information one can't genuinely observe everything the little youngster, Anne Frank, saw all through this awful time of the Holocaust. The commentator discloses to us that there are an excessive number of missing connections which the editors of the journal are possibly attempting to cover up or possibly everything just never found. .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .postImageUrl , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:hover , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:visited , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:active { border:0!important; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:active , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:hover { murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u165baa17024075d6cf 51efb08941f214 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: My Own Person Experience With The Horror Of Sexual Harassment EssayThe saddest part in the Diary of Anne Frank is the part where the book discusses how Anne Frank conversed with her companion Hanneli Goslar over a thorn wired hindrance at the Bergen Belsen inhumane imprisonment in the blink of an eye before her passing. This book accomplishes a lot of its significance through the explicit subtleties it brings out. As I would like to think she re-composed her journal with successors in her brain. The abstract work follows with the familys decimation. The journal is viewed as horrible. The works most powerful source was the confirmation of the intensity of understandment.- Stephen Holden, audit. This pundit was attempting to give a .

American Revolution Lesson Using Balanced Sources

American Revolution Lesson Using Balanced Sources (0) This is the third  in a series of lessons that teach research and writing skills around the topic of the  American Revolution. Also, dont forget to have students  cite their sources in  MLA format,  APA format, or  Chicago style. Overview In this lesson, you will learn the importance of using balanced sources in your research. Youve Found Your SourcesNow What? Once you find several relevant sources, you must evaluate them to see if they are sources you want to use for your research. You can do this by: Assessing the relevance of the source to your task Identifying the original purpose and audience of the source This information will help you understand more about the argument the source makes (the claims) and the evidence that it uses. Assessing Sources Task The task is your mission. It shapes the question you are asking and the sources you will choose to answer that question. You only want to select sources that are relevant to your task. Task: Example For example, your task is to find sources to answer this question: How did economic factors contribute to the start of the American Revolution? This task requires you to discover sources that discuss both the American Revolution and economics in each of two areas: the start of the war the conduct and  progress of the war. A source that discusses the social or religious motivations of the Revolution would not be relevant. Assessing Sources- Purpose Sources need to match your task but they also have their own purpose. The task the source addresses is the purpose of the source. In other words, it is the reason the source exists. This may be  to answer a specific question or address a particular issue. Sometimes the sources purpose will not match your own. Despite this, the source may still contain useful evidence, or provide an argument useful to your own writing. You should use the source, but keep in mind its limitations. Purpose: Example Different types of sources have different purposes. There are three main categories of purpose: to inform to persuade to entertain H?ere is an example of a source that is meant to inform. Assessing Sources- Audience You should also consider the intended audience of a source as you assess  it. The audience is the individual or group for whom the source was created. The intended audience affects the tone of the source, the type of information shared, and more. For example, you would explain the causes of the American Revolution differently to a third-grader than you would to a meeting of the Organization of American Historians. Audience: Example Here are three examples of how sources vary depending on  the audience. Title “The Pat?riot” Was the American Revolution? Fought Over Economics and Greed?” “Economic? Causes of the Revolutionary War” Source Type This is a movie meant for a general public’s entertainment. This is a persuasive blog post by an amateur historian. This is an informative article by a retired economics professor. Audience As entertainment, this movie emphasizes drama over facts, and is intended for general audiences. Movie goers have responded positively to emotional intensity of the Patriot cause. Those trained in history have cringed at the inaccuracies. The author intends this site to be “attractive to new and intermediate students of the American Revolution period, not just the scholars….” The audience is history buffs, with limited time to read long or in-depth pieces. This article appears on EH.net, the online publication of the Economics History Association. The audience is “scholars in economic history and related fields” who desire a longer, more technical article with citations. Balanced Sources As you gather and evaluate sources, remember that sources should be balanced. Balance should happen in two places: The source itself should provide  an even-handed discussion of a topic and provide  reliable evidence in that discussion. All of your sources together, which may be limited in their points of view or use of evidence individually, are combined to present a well-rounded view of the topic. Balanced Sources: Example 1 ?Listen to the clip below: Here is an example of an unbalanced source. The Life of General Francis Marion (1824) by Mason L?ocke Weems. “[H]ow can I ever forget Marion, that vigilant, undaunted soldier, whom thy own mercy raised up to scourge such monsters, and avenge his countrys wrongs…The Washington of the south, he steadily pursued the warfare most safe for us, and most fatal to our enemies.” Balanced Sources: Example 2 ?Listen to the clip below: Here is an example of a balanced source. “The Swamp Fox,” by Amy Crawford on Smithsonian.com (2?011). “Most heroes of the Revolution were not the saints that biographers like Parson Weems would have them be, and Francis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians. While not noble by todays standards, Marions experience in the French and Indian War prepared him for more admirable service.” Conclusion In this lesson, you learned why using balanced sources is an important part of research and writing.

What is the Pronunciation for UN in French

How good are you at pronouncing the nasal U in French? Its a distinct sound that is used when UN or UM appear in a word and its a key part of learning proper French. Take a few minutes to run through a quick French pronunciation lesson and practice your nasal vowels. How to Pronounce UN in French The letter combination UN is called the nasal U. It is pronounced [euh(n)], where [euh] is more or less like the OO in good. The (n) is the nasal sound that is common in French. The nasal U can be spelled UN or UM. Either way, this sound is called the nasal U. Its important to note that this sound has disappeared in some French dialects. Its frequently being  replaced by the nasal I (IN). Practice Saying UN To get a good feel for the nasal U, you will need to practice and a few simple words should do. The reality is that you will use  un  as an article all the time, so that alone should give you plenty of time to perfect your UN. lundi  (Monday)un  (one)parfum  (perfume) Fine Tune Your Nasal Vowels Quite often,  nasal vowels are a new concept for native English speakers. Theyre used frequently in French, so it would serve you well to give them a good deal of attention. You will use the nasal sound almost every time a vowel is followed by M or N. Beyond UN and IN, practice the sound for AN and ON. The nasal E (EN) takes on the sound of the nasal A in most cases and the nasal I after  Ãƒâ€°, I, and Y. UN Versus LUn While were on the subject of UN there is one rather important grammar issue to note. The French word  un  is used as both a number and an article. However, in some circumstances, when it is used as a pronoun  it is  replaced by  lun.

Gun Control Is More Than Removing Guns From Our Homes Essay

Gun Control is About More than Removing Guns from Our Homes Every law-abiding American citizen should have a choice to own a gun, and it should not matter if their reason is for protection, for sport or to collect. Gun control is a concern that needs to be one of â€Å"less talk and more action†; in addition, it needs to be an issue where both parts of the Congress join together to find a solution to the growing problem of gun violence in the United States. Furthermore, the American people need to demand action from their state’s senators and representatives, not just during a time of stress following a gun-related incident, but continue to press until a permanent resolution is found. Gun control is a controversial subject because there are many who still believe it is all about the government taking away all guns, however, â€Å"Gun control† is an umbrella term for several types of gun regulations. Gun control calls for â€Å"common-sense measures† such a s banning â€Å"military-style weapons† and â€Å"universal background checks† (Should More Gun, 2016). There are federal laws covering some aspects of gun control, but many contain loop-holes (Perez-Pena, 2015). Most states have their own laws in place, however, there are no consistencies â€Å"at the state level† (Perez-Pena, 2015). In the late 1990’s, there were in fact roughly 20,000 federal, state or local laws covering gun control; the bulk of these laws were local codes (Spitzer, 1998). In a survey conducted in February 2013, by the Pew ResearchShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1329 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is an extremely controversial topic in America. There are many advocates of weapon control - individuals who wish to have stricter laws to keep certain groups of individuals from acquiring a gun. 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You make it to your bedroom, slammingRead MoreGun Control Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesWhy gun control won’t solve any prob lems Guns have been around since the 1300s, from the muskets to the very high-tech guns we have today. Today guns are used for sports, like hunting and competition and also guns are used in self-defense in the protection of ourselves and families and others. The military uses guns and various other tactics to protect and fight for our country, also guns are used in law enforcement such as the police. But with these guns comes hostility from people when shootingsRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesGun control has become a very important topic within the United States after the past couple of months. There have been many issues that have occurred to make people think that banning guns is something we need to invest in, even though that just would not be the greatest option. There are many parts to winning a debate on gun control. One always needs to be sure to view both sides of the issue, look at the causes and the effects of the issue, and being sure one has enough facts and statistics to

Internet Banking Free Essays

string(55) " devices are so small that a user can use as keychain\." Internet Banking (with examples from Developed vs Developing Countries) Presented to: Bert Lind Presented by: Group No. 1 †¢ S101417 Shahid Javed †¢ S104503 Mumtaz Ali †¢ S104451 Asif Iqbal †¢ S101291 Mm Mudassar †¢ S101659 Muhammad Shahzad Abstract We have discussed internet banking and security issues. Then we have given comparison of internet banking in developed countries and developing countries on the basis of security and infrastructure issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Banking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Examples of banks are given from Pakistan (HSBC) and Sweden (Nordea). And services of both banks are compared on the basis of infrastructure and security issues. Introduction Internet banking enables users to make financial transactions on a secure website operated by their bank. Banking some around or yet in some underdeveloped countries, bank transaction is done by paper work e. g. using cheaque Book to withdraw cash, but with the passage of time when Information Technology is so much in, then this paper work is seem to be hazard for an organization to maintain numbers of customer and also customer have no to stand in queue to just with draw cash then the Internet-Banking come to in origin. Internet-Banking is easy to maintain by Bankers as well as by customer.Now a day’s customer also preferred those banks which provide Inter-Banking facility. So we can say that when IT and Bank work to gather then this terminology is called Internet-Banking. At the beginning Internet banking was used mainly as an information presentation medium in which banks advertised their products and services on the Web sites. With the advancement of information technology and secured electronic transaction technologies, banks have started Internet banking both as a transactional as well as for advertisement purpose.Now writing checks, paying bills, transferring funds, printing statements, and inquiring about account balances is possible onlie. Internet banking is now â€Å"one stop service and information unit† that is giving great benefits to both banks and consumers. Internet banking services are necessary for survival of banks in the world of electronic commerce. Internet banking is spreading fastly in developing countries, affecting the competitive advantage enjoyed by traditional branch banks.Due to advancement in information technology banking without internet banking seems nothing. So, every bank in the world wants to give services online as much as possible. Internet banking is developed countries has support of better infrastructure while in developing countries support of better infrastructure is not available. So, giving internet banking in developing countries is difficult for a bank. Some banks are providing better ebanking services in developed countries but same banks are not proving better ebankin services in developing countries.Internet banking is increasing day by day. Mostly bank now switch there system from paper work to Online scenario but some how of the activity is still available in hard form because underdeveloped countries still not fully equipped with Internet-Banking as the strength of usage of Internet Banking in European/Scandinavian region is much high. Features of online Banking The common features of online banking fall into several categories Transactional †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Applications such as applying for a loan, ope ning a new account, etc. Utility and electronic bills payment Money transfer between user’s own accounts or to another person’s account Purchase or sale anything from internet Non-transactional †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bank statements Financial Institution Administration Support of multiple users with different levels of authority Transaction approval process Personal financial management support Some online banks allow the customers to manage all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions. These are common ways to perform a transaction. †¢ †¢ Debit cards (Atm machine, shoping on stores etc. ) Credit cards (online shoping, payments etc. ) Direct banking via web (money transfer from account to account, payments etc) Better design of website is also important to attract costumers. First page of web must be designed in a way that it conveys important messages as well as it opens in less time. Bank increasingly switch to website system or e-banking side to catch the customers not only to inquire about the account balance, interest and exchange rates but also to made several online transaction activities. This up gradation of every bank systems come up in a race of to be ahead from other bank by which the bank look for new challenges in bank management, rules and supervision authorities to check the e-banking service is working smoothly and properly and customer can’t be affect by this new rules and catch more and more customers to promote the Bank. Security issues Security is main issue of internet banking because a lot of money is involved during transactions. A costumer will not satisfied untill he has clear views about security of his money. At the beginning of ebanking only informational stuff was available on websites.And there are not so much security issues. But with advancement now almost all type of transactions are done via web. So, there are many threats available to ebanking. Protection through single password authentication is not secure in Internet shopping sites. Basically there exist two different security methods for online banking. †¢ The PIN and TAN system where the PIN is a password, used for the login and TANs are one-time passwords to authenticate transactions. TANs can be sent to user by postal letter. The most secure way of using TANs is to generate them by need using a security token.These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token and called two-factor authentication. †¢ Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smartcards or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation. Security token devices Security tokens are used to prove identity of a user electronically. The token is used in addition to or in place of a password to prove that the customer is who they claim to be.These tokens are generated for a short period of time and these are different every time. Token devices are so small that a user can use as keychain. You read "Internet Banking" in category "Papers" That have small keypads to allow entry of a PIN and a small screen to show numbers. Special designs include a USB connector, RFID functions or Bluetooth wireless interface to enable transfer of a generated key number sequence to a client system. Stealing Information Methods There are many ways to steal some one’s information and Most are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two most popular attacks are phishing and pharming.Phishing is an simple way of hacking carried out by Highly Skilled IT Professionals who used social engineering techniques to made IT Users fool in very easy way and snatch the information which benefits them but it will cause heavy damage to IT users. To avoid phishing always keep update to date to how these attacks are carried out. Pharming is an another way of hacking techniques carried out by Highly Skilled IT Professional who used to redirect the secure traffic to the fake domain name from where the information going to be sealed and used them according to what these information is stealed.Using trojan horse and keylogers are other ways. These type of softwares work in background and send the typed information to unothorised persons. Signature based online banking is attacked in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the screen and faked transactions are signed in the background. â€Å"Man in the Browser attack† where a Trojan horsesgives access to hacker to make changes in victem’s account number and amount. Ways to avoid Attacks There exist several ways to avoid attacks. †¢ †¢ Digital certificates provided by banks are used against phishing and pharming.Class-3 card readers are used to avoid manipulation of transactions by the software in signature based online banking. †¢ Anti virus softwares are used to protect systems against Trojan horses. Users should use virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e-mail attachments. Ethical overview In Internet Banking internet privacy is a major concern of today. Privacy over the Internet has raised certain ethical issues in internet banking usage, which need to be dispensed with. While providing to the privacy needs of the Internet users, we need to implement certain ethics.Consideration of the ethics of eBusiness has slim towards to focus on areas relating to the instability of information collected and held electronically and transferred via computer to computer communication. These include privacy of information about individuals, accuracy of information, ownership of information and intellectual property and accessibility of information held. There are numbers of theories regarding the Ethical behavior but as per IT infrastructure these ethical behavior must be considered and also have to reviewed these rules according to IT Infrastructure. ) Kantianism Ethics 2) Utilitarianism Ethics Kantianism:According to Kantianism the one should obey the rules such a way that the principle of one’s action could serve as a universal law implemented by a domain or organization. In internet banking we mostly fit this theory to Database Administrator who has the access of all the information of the customer. If Database Administrator found some issue in database and it is only possible by accessing that data in real format then this is not an ethical issue because in Internet Banking other information viewed without any permission is against the Kantianism.So as in Information Technology some time we have to go against the rules and we have to work more against Ethical Theories regarding Information Technology. Utilitarianism:According to Utilitarianism the positive aspects of work done by any one should be delivered to more and more peoples, and the negative aspects much are less. In Internet Banking the Utilitarianism theory play important role for any Banking sector. Mostly Banking sectors provided the 4/7 services to there customers to provide as much support they want in getting more and more customers by doing positive aspects and if there customer are not satisfied by the services bank provide then the Utilitarianism theory didn’t implemented. Comparison of ebanking in developed and developing countries. We have compared Internet banking in developing and developed countries on the basis of available infrastructure to banks and security issues. Better ebanking on the basis of better infrastructure In developed countries almost all shoping markets are connected to banks.User can pay money with cards and as well as directed banking. E shoping is avaiable easily. Ther are a lot of e shops available. User can purchse any thing of his need without going to market with his online account. This type of infrastructure is plus point for bank to give better e services to users. While in developing countries all shoping markets are not connected to banks. Less e shops arte available. So banks can not provide better e services. Better ebanking on the basis of better security The main requirement of every costumer is security of his money and secure transactions.Those banks which have better security feachers are growing rapidly and providing better e services. Some banks provide insurance of money in case of loss. But they charge separate fee for this. We have taken examples of two banks, one from developed country (Sweden, Nordea) and other from developing country (Pakistan, HSBC). Internet Banking in Pakistan (HSBC) HSBC is an international bank and it’s also work in Pakistan with Internet Banking facility. The Bank provides the following features as online banking. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Online Services like Account, Credit Card transactions and balances check.Money Transfer between your accounts or to rest of the world. View Detail Transaction Template Bill Payment of Credit Card Utility Bills Payment Open another Accounts Find online Help 24/7 †¢ †¢ Easily change of address ; Personal Information Change of pin codes ; other security data HSBC Online Service Could Be Availed with following. †¢ †¢ †¢ Windows XP (SP2) with IE 7. 0 or Netscape 8. 1. 2 (Firefox mode) MAC OS with Firefox 2. 0 Windows 2000 with IE 6. 0 (SP1) The HSBC internet banking also provide security measures its end and also required participation from customers shows as follow.Customer Participation:†¢ Always make your password using the combination of upper and lower case letters, numbers combination e. g. ui9 ujewcYU †¢ Don’t try to use your personnel term that other can be judge like family name, date of birth or your contact numbers. †¢ Always change your password on regular basis so that its make less noticeable by using online change password service. †¢ †¢ Never expose your password to anyone and never wrote it down on a paper. Always used a computer enabled with a personnel firewall because this is especially built to protect your computer from direct attack of hackers. Always keep your PC up-to-date by download the update patches for latest protection. †¢ Do not try to do your internet banking from public or shared places like internet cafe because you don’t know which software are installed on public computer. †¢ Always properly terminated the Internet Banking session using â€Å"Logoff† button to ensure you end the session made. †¢ Never leave your Internet Banking session unattended in any case. †¢ Always close the other web activity while your Internet Banking session because it will protect your computer from being exposed directly to your Internet Banking activity. Never installed unregistered software on your computer you used mostly for Internet Banking. †¢ Always confirm the HSBC certificate by double click the â€Å"Lock† icon in web browser when opened HSBC website to ensure that your open the proper HSBC website. †¢ Always disable â€Å"Auto Complete† function from Internet Explorer because by doing this we can made the system to not to remember any data activity like password and you can do this by visiting the â€Å"Auto Complete† from Tools in explorer. †¢Always disable your file and printer sharing activity to direct expose of your computer from other peoples in a network if you used a group of networks. HSBC Security Participation †¢ You are individually recognized by your Internet Banking ID and password every time you bank online. †¢ Your financial information is secure by Secure Socket Layer (SSL) 128-bit encryption, the most protected form available commercially. †¢ If you disremember to log off after banking online, we trigger an automatic ‘timeout’ after a period of idleness to prevent illegal access. The pages you have surveyed during your banking session terminate to prevent the pages from being kept in your browser cache, ensuring that no one can view these pages again and your financial information. †¢ We also track the number of logon tries. if we find three consecutive incorrect passwords have been attempted, we will immediately disable online access and customers will need to contact us again to re-establish the access? Nordea Nordea is providing almost all types of e banking. And sweden has powerfull infrastructure to facilitate nordea.Almost all shops accepts Nordea cards. Eshoping is available with Nordea cards as well as direct banking. Users has faith on bank due to powerfull security measures of Nordea. Website of nordea is accesable almost on all operating systems. Security at Nordea Nordea offer three different types of security solutions. †¢ †¢ †¢ E-code, the login and via the internet and telephone (card reader without cable + card). Personal code for simplified login via Internet and telephone. e-ID card in, the login and via the internet (card reader with cable). Codes and cards are valuable documents.Remember that your codes and cards are valuable documents. Store them in a safe place, but never together. If you lose your codes or your e-ID, you can block them by calling the bank. Security measures †¢ †¢ When you shop online. Never enter your PIN code when shopping at a store on the Internet. If you trade often and pay by card, plug in to our services more secure card purchases on the Internet. That way you never provide your real card number when you shop. In many stores there are also alternative payment e-payment, which is a direct transfer between two accounts with us – your own and shop. Be critical of all the emails you get where someone asks you to surrender your personal and sensitive information. Nordea will contact you never e-mail or telephone to ask you for personal information. Should you make any financial transactions are always in our system, after you identified yourself. Then Nordea know who you are and you as a customer be sure that you are communicating with Nordea. †¢ Never click on links in emails unless you are absolutely sure that the message is genuine. It is better to write the address directly into your browser or contact the sender o ensure that the message is genuine. †¢ †¢ Never click on attachments in e-mail if you’re not entirely sure what it is. Never share sensitive or financial information in an unsecured Web page, or by regular mail, which is not encrypted. Regular e-mail is more secure than sending information on a postcard. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Never give out your personal code or PIN to debit and credit cards on the Internet, even if you get the question from someone who you perceive to be credible. Regularly check your bank statements. Report immediately any questions by calling the Customer Service Centre. React immediately if you suspect that someone else is pretending to be received by Nordea on the Internet. Once you have logged into our Internet pages is protected against unauthorized access. The image of a padlock in the status bar at the bottom of your browser shows that the pages are protected. If you click on the padlock, a window appears with a security certificate. The certificate is a section that reads: Awarded to gfs. nb. se. Then you know that it is Nordea you are communicating with. †¢ Write yourself the address into your browser. Our address to the home page always begins with http://www. ordea. se Some key differences between Nordea and HSBC †¢ In HSBC user have to give his account number and pin code in almost all transactions. So if there is a virus in computer.There are chances to hack that account and un authorised use is possible. But in nordea in almost 95 % transactions account number and pin code is not used in computer. Account page is accessable via personal number and temporary code generated by security device. Pin code is used in that device which has no link with computer. So there are almost no chance of hacking of account even computer has virus. †¢ HSBC has less infrastructure for ebanking while Nordea has very much developed infrastructure. There is less awareness of ebanking in the country of HSBC while people of country of Nordea has very much aware of ebanking. †¢ Website of HSBC is less secured as compared to Nordea. Conclusion Ebanking is evolving rapidly in developed as well as in developing countries. But factors like better infrastructure, better security measures, awareness etc are giving edge to ebanking in developed countries while developing countries are struggling to overcome these factors.Ebanking is need of time in changing world of information technology.References 1. 2. 3. wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_banking†http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Online_banking (October 2010) Internet Banking in Pakistan by Shahzad Shariz 2006. Factors Influencing the Adoption of Internet Banking by Margaret Tan and Thompson S. H. Teo National University of Singapore. 4. Finance Development by Saleh M Nsouli and Andrea Schaechter Washington. 5. 6. 7. The Ethics Of Ebanking by Dr. Lisa Harris and Dr. Laura J. Spence. http://www. hsbc. com. pk http://www. nordea. se How to cite Internet Banking, Papers

Genesis (1102 words) Essay Example For Students

Genesis (1102 words) Essay GenesisI have never read the Bible before, in reading the chapters I find myself evenmore confused about God then I was before. I wrote what I thought was going onin each chapter and even asked a few questions. If this is not what you arelooking for please let me know so I can do it right for the next time. Chapter 1In this chapter God created heaven and the earth. We are to see God in thischapter as a spirit. On the first day God divided the light (good) from the dark(bad). On the second day God divided the waters and called the firmament heaven. We will write a custom essay on Genesis (1102 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (I do not know what the word firmament means. Can you please explain?) On thethird day God made the earth with grass and trees that grew fruit on them. Onthe fourth day he made the stars in the heaven to point out day from night. Healso created the sun and moon. On the fifth day God created the sea animals andthe birds. On the sixth day God created male and female to rule over all theother animals. I dont understand the wording in the next section; HeMarucheau 3 refers to everything as his kind and lets make man in OURimage. To whom does our refer to? Later he mentions that it is in his ownimage. On the seventh day he rested, so he could sit back and enjoy all that hecreated. God is not a living person in chapter one; he is a spirit that movesacross the earth. God says something and it happens. We believe that it tookonly six days to create earth but who is to say it didnt take longer. Therewere no clocks at that time and there was no one around to see what actuallywent on. Chapter 2 This chapter also is about the creation. Only in this chapterGod is a man. God formed man out of dirt of the ground with his two hands andthen he gave him life. God also brought forth all the animals for the man toname. Now in class we said this was the way man was to find a mate, I neverthought of it that way. I just thought this was the way God was showing man whyhe was going to rule the earth by giving the animals names. This was a way toshow authority over them. Then God saw how lonely man was and then decided tocreate woman to keep him company. God puts man to sleep and takes out one of hisribs then forms woman with it. I was always taught to believe that God was aspirit so this version of creation I do not believe in. Marucheau 4 Chapter 3 Inthis chapter a serpent in present in the garden (which God created), that Ialways thought it was the Devil. The serpent tricks the woman into eating theforbidden fruit (which I always thought it was an apple). In class we discussedthat th e fruit meant sex. I still dont understand how this is so. Man andwoman now know all that is good and evil, they figure out that they are naked. God knows that they ate the fruit that he told them not to so he punishes allthree of them. I think the punishment were not fair, the serpent now has tocrawl on his belly for the rest of his life, the woman has the pain of childbirth and the man walks away with a slap on the hands. I know God tells him thathe shall go back to the dirt in which he was made but we all do, not just man. .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .postImageUrl , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:hover , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:visited , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:active { border:0!important; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:active , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mecha EssayChapter 6 This chapter explains that we began to multiply and man take woman forhis wife. When God mentions 120 years I though that was how long man was goingto be aloud to live upon earth. God was mad in everything that he created so hewas going to destroy it. So he could wash away all of his mistakes and startover. God chooses Noah and his family to build an ark so they would be saved. God chooses Noah because he was obedient to the Lord. God told Noah that he wasgoing to destroy the earth with water. God told Noah how to build the ark andwhat to take with him on the ark. Noah did everything as God asked. Marucheau 5Chapter 7 In this chapter God tells Noah to take clean beasts by sevens anddirty beasts by twos. What does he mean by clean and dirty? Were dirty beastssomething like pigs? God gave Noah seven days to get ready for the rain. Godcauses the rain to fall upon earth for forty days. After the flood the onlythings that would still be alive were the things on Noahs Ark. It took ahundred and fifty days for the water to dry up. God destroyed the earth becausethere was so much evil upon it. God must have been human because he mademistakes. Chapter 18 In this chapter God is trying to decide if Abraham shall bethe one who is saved when God is to destroy the town. God says to Abraham andSarah that they were going to have a son. Sarah laughs at this idea because they were very old and she does not think this could happen. Abraham starts tocompromise with God and try to save the city. Abraham says to God if he findsfifty righteous people in the city will he save it from being destroyed? Godchalenges him by saying find them and I will not destroy it. In hearing thisAbraham thinks to him self maybe he will go lower. So Abraham asks what aboutforty-five people, forty, thirty, twenty, ten? God does not seem to answer butAbraham is pleading for the lives of the people in the city. I didntunderstand this chapter very well. Verses one through eight were confusing. Marucheau 6 Chapter 22 God tells Abraham to take his son Isaac to the burntoffering to offer his son up to God. Isaac asks Abraham where is the lamb forthe offering, he is very smart and worried. Abraham says that the Lord willprovide it. Abraham builds an altar and places his son upon it; he is about tokill his own son when an angel calls out to him. The Angel asks him if he isabout to kill his only son who was given to him by the Lord as an offering. ThenAbraham panics and offers a ram instead. The Angel of the Lord came to him asecond time and offered him a blessing for what he did. The verses nineteenthrough twenty-four who were they talking about was it Abrahams wife?