Monopolistic and Oligopoly Market Structures free essay sample

Restraining infrastructure is a kind of market structure wherein there is just a single merchant controlling the entire business of a specific posterity that doesn't have a nearby substitute. Restraining infrastructure versus Oligopoly Restraining infrastructure Market Characteristics One attribute of an imposing business model rialto structure is in the way that the market ruled by the restraining infrastructure is the specific inverse of a serious rialto, where there are numerous contenders offering normalized offsprings for sale.On the syndication showcase, there is no opposition, there is just a single producer offering a novel item. This permits the merchant to dole out to the monopolist a self-assertive value, which guarantees his most extreme benefit. The law of interest doesn't work. The hunger of a monopolist is constrained uniquely by the portion of salary that he will have the option to wrest from the tote of the pursued shopper. Imposing business model rialto is described by a unique market circumstance. This is finished opportunity of activity for one and the absence of opportunity of decision for every other person. Restraining infrastructure rialto has a predetermined number of members: it is possible that one maker (dealer) an imposing business model; or one (purchaser) is a monopsony. As a monopsony, a huge preparing organization generally acts. For instance, it tends to be the biggest metallurgical join in the district for some, little coal mineshafts, the biggest meat manufacturing plant for an assortment of ranches represent considerable authority in the development of cattle.On the imposing business model market there are: a) monopolistically significant expenses set up by an imposing business model, as the sole maker and merchant of the completed item; b) imposing business model low costs set by monopsony, as the sole purchaser of crude materials. For all other rialto members, there might be value scissors when one homestead (residential or ranch) falls into a circumstance of monopolistically high and monopolistically low costs. For instance, a ranch purchases power or PCs at imposing business model significant expenses, and sells its domesticated animals, grain or grapes at restraining infrastructure low costs. The posterity on the restraining infrastructure market can be either separated (different as far as grouping), or the equivalent (norm and constrained in collection). In any case, regardless, there are no substitute goods.The restraining infrastructure rialto implies the failure of different organizations to enter the business, making exceptional boundaries to snags. Among such obstructions, the scale impact assumes a main job. In specific ventures, effectiveness must be accomplished by huge undertakings, which are basically difficult to uproot by other producers.â The posterity of little makers contenders will be uncompetitive for the expenses of its creation. Also, even huge organizations can not make a commendable rivalry without a particular creation base: hardware, innovation, licenses. Negative Features of Monopoly monopolistic market diminishes the way of life (in light of the fact that the customer is compelled to follow through on swelled costs while lessening different expenses), decreases the nature of merchandise (restricted gracefully makes the purchaser less finicky), lessens the monetary effectiveness of creation (imposing business models couldn't care less about cost investment funds, as everything will be paid by the buyer ). At the end of the day, there is no compelling reason to stress just over the value decrease (as in the rialto of flawed rivalry), yet additionally about the nature of the posterity (as in the market of oligopolistic rivalry). This is one of the contrast among syndication and oligopoly. Conditions for the Emergence of a Monopoly Market and Competition The restraining infrastructure rialto emerges chiefly because of the merger of groups that lean toward the peaceful existence of a monopolist with ensured wages to a consistent hazard in a serious battle. There are, in any case, likewise such syndication advertises, the birthplace of which is regular or practical in nature. The normal imposing business model rialto reflects, generally speaking, the uniqueness of the common assets of the nation, district, city (gold stores, valuable stones, oil, or citrus, or resort conditions); copyright is a sort of restraining infrastructure. Proper imposing business model markets emerge where countless makers would decrease financial proficiency (for instance, providing the populace with power, gas, water, phone lines, transport joins, etc.).In most nations, hostile to rialto restraining infrastructures are sought after by the state under the antitrust law: the primary such law was passed in the United States in 1890 and is known by the creators name (Shermans law); any activities of makers that confine opportunity of exchange are disallowed. A firm perceived as a syndication makes good on higher duties, frequently it is compelled to change into a few free crews.Monopoly regularly doesn't permit even the presence of a rival. Also, for this, dumping, unreasonable promoting, pressure on asset suppliers and banks to limit matches in assets; temptation of driving masters; modern surveillance; block attempt of gainful government orders are utilized. It ought to be noticed that the enactment of numerous nations dumping is disa llowed. In any case, practically speaking, it is hard to recognize dumping and a characteristic diminishing in costs, because of lower creation costs. Cartels are disallowed as a type of restraining infrastructure affiliations. In any case, cartel-type tricks can be completed subtly and have no lawful documents.It ought to be noticed that in the states of the restraining infrastructure advertise, for instance, there is potential rivalry the chance of new producers showing up in the business. On the off chance that there is no legitimate restriction to take part in this kind of action, the presence of a contender is consistently possible.â The danger may emerge from a little endeavor organization that has built up an improved variant of the item. This is an opposition of developments. In this way, the monopolist is compelled to take part in a subjective change of its merchandise and the presentation of new monetary techniques for creation, with a resulting decrease in rialto costs. In any case, this is fairly a likely chance of rivalry, as opposed to rivalry itself. Practice convincingly demonstrates that restraining infrastructures that have become out of rivalry change the opposition itself and even totally smother it. So as to secure rivalry and cutoff restraining infrastructures, the state is utilized as a powerful authoritative subject of the market. Therefore, the third sort of rialto is shaped the blended market. Oligopoly Market and Its Features Oligopoly showcases structure the premise of the economy of any mechanically evolved nation since they are inalienable in ventures with the most extreme inventive and speculation potential: car, airplane, substance industry. This sort of rialto takes a moderate situation in its properties between simply monopolistic and monopolist-serious markets. Oligopolies can be either separated or homogeneous as far as the qualities of the offsprings.Its particular highlights are: Few groups on the rialto. For instance, considering the global or intersectoral rivalry of teams creating substitute offsprings, altogether modifies the size of the intensity of an individual firm in the oligopolistic showcase towards its decrease. One quality of an oligopoly showcase structure is in the way that this rialto is very differing. Typically two principle types are recognized: an inflexible oligopoly (wherein 3-4 teams involve the entire market of this item) and a delicate, diffuse, free oligopoly (in which the business has a center of 6-7 biggest groups possessing up to 80% of the rialto and a great deal of different teams of serious condition that work with the rest of the business request). So it is conceivable to talk about the simplicity of passage in an oligopoly in the structure of the rest 20%. From the modest number of teams in the oligopoly condition, the issue of shared impact of groups on one another follows. Desires that the contender firm will change its conduct in light of the activities of this firm make both the costs and the amount of the merchandise bought in the market obscure. For the oligopoly, the interest work isn't indicated ahead of time, as is natural in other rialto models, it is shaped in the dynamic procedure. To decide the conduct of teams under such conditions, a game-hypothetical way to deal with showcase examination dependent on numerical game hypothesis is utilized, which permits deciding the conduct of members in probabilistic circumstances identified with dynamic. Conditions for the Emergence of an Oligopoly Market and Competition The principle explanations behind the arrangement of oligopolistic markets are: a) scale impact, which comprises in diminishing the expenses per unit of yield by concentrating creation and related, from one perspective, the potential outcomes of presenting capital-escalated developments, and then again, by sparing to the detriment of huge acquisition of assets at generally low costs; b) boundaries because of the way that enormous groups own licenses, control wellsprings of crude materials and have the chance to do moderately huge costs for publicizing and promoting; c) converging of groups to accomplish the above advantages. Being associated, oligopolists consider not just the costs, the logical and specialized strategy of their rivals and the interest for their offsprings, yet additionally the value conduct of one another (if the oligopoly has emerged on normalized offsprings). It is conceivable to single out such models of oligopolistic competition:1) oligopoly in the essential ventures with indistinguishable offsprings and a few huge assembling enterprises;2) oligopoly in businesses with non-indistinguishable offsprings and a few enormous teams creating substitute products.

The Diary Of Anne Frank Book Essay Example For Students

The Diary Of Anne Frank Book Essay The Diary of Anne Frank is about a young lady that kept a journal while avoiding Nazis in Amsterdam for a long time. The journal closes when the Nazis discovered her and her family. Her entire family was slaughtered in special case for her dad. She was given the diary on her thirteenth birthday celebration. She basically summed up her life for a long time in this sensational diary. This diary was found after she was slaughtered. The book was distributed in 1947. Twenty-5,000,000 duplicates were sold and it was written in fifty-four dialects. Essentially there have been a ton of surveys on this abstract work. Numerous individuals have had a lot of analysis over the Journal of Anne Frank. From incredible creators to straightforward understudies, all have had their own point of view and view on this everlasting and most essential book. This genuinely shows how the Diary of Anne Frank is one of the most broadly read books on the planet. Anne Franks journal was most likely the main work that individuals really got too observe what the Holocaust was all about. Positively it must be the best book for the subject. The journal unites her adolescence and afterward just known enduring film of Anne Frank. This is an incredible method to portray a representation of Annes life, character imperfections, and everything else. So as to appreciate this bit of abstract work, you should initially gain proficiency with the significance on Jewish culture. This work resembles no other of any Holocaust books. This is all things considered an approach to encounter the difficult experience the Jewish individuals needed to suffer during this dreadful and malevolence timeframe. This story brings us into the eyes of Anne Straight to the point. The Holocaust in truly enlivened. This scholarly work genuinely shows how Anne Frank was a saint of prejudice and a wise writer of her timeframe and place. The work likewise shows the normal youthfulness of Anne Honest and her steady contentions with her mom in specific. It additionally manages the everyday concealing she also, her family experienced. The main issue with the book is that the way that Anne Frank revised her journal around two months before she was caught on the grounds that she needed her diary to be distributed after the war and she needed to examine a vocation in news coverage. Accordingly it is difficult to tell what existed in her unique duplicate and what amount did she include a short time later. This reveals to us that we will never know how a lot information Anne Frank had. It isn't the data that ought to be addressed, yet the sequence. Anne Franks journal is a significant recorded record. The book appears no detail on what was re-composed, possibly on the grounds that the data isn't accessible. The response to the subject of regardless of whether Anne Franks Diary is a sensible evaluation is no in light of the fact that specific passages were taken beforehand.Review Via Carrie Gorringe,Review. She intended to state that the Diary of Anne Frank was a decent method to encounter the Holocaust yet simultaneously there is a ton of missing data. She is attempting to state that there must be basic realities that are not appeared in the book because of that reality that it was reworked in a matter of seconds before her demise and the way that it was deciphered into various dialects. She audits it as an incredible source of really living the Holocaust through the eyes of Anne Straight to the point yet additionally to be in tuned that maybe a ton of data is essentially only not there. This pundit attempted to state that without the missing proof, there is a great deal of information we are absent. She clarifies how without this information one can't genuinely observe everything the little youngster, Anne Frank, saw all through this awful time of the Holocaust. The commentator discloses to us that there are an excessive number of missing connections which the editors of the journal are possibly attempting to cover up or possibly everything just never found. .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .postImageUrl , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:hover , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:visited , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:active { border:0!important; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:active , .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:hover { murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u165baa17024075d6cf 51efb08941f214 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u165baa17024075d6cf51efb08941f214:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: My Own Person Experience With The Horror Of Sexual Harassment EssayThe saddest part in the Diary of Anne Frank is the part where the book discusses how Anne Frank conversed with her companion Hanneli Goslar over a thorn wired hindrance at the Bergen Belsen inhumane imprisonment in the blink of an eye before her passing. This book accomplishes a lot of its significance through the explicit subtleties it brings out. As I would like to think she re-composed her journal with successors in her brain. The abstract work follows with the familys decimation. The journal is viewed as horrible. The works most powerful source was the confirmation of the intensity of understandment.- Stephen Holden, audit. This pundit was attempting to give a .

American Revolution Lesson Using Balanced Sources

American Revolution Lesson Using Balanced Sources (0) This is the third  in a series of lessons that teach research and writing skills around the topic of the  American Revolution. Also, dont forget to have students  cite their sources in  MLA format,  APA format, or  Chicago style. Overview In this lesson, you will learn the importance of using balanced sources in your research. Youve Found Your SourcesNow What? Once you find several relevant sources, you must evaluate them to see if they are sources you want to use for your research. You can do this by: Assessing the relevance of the source to your task Identifying the original purpose and audience of the source This information will help you understand more about the argument the source makes (the claims) and the evidence that it uses. Assessing Sources Task The task is your mission. It shapes the question you are asking and the sources you will choose to answer that question. You only want to select sources that are relevant to your task. Task: Example For example, your task is to find sources to answer this question: How did economic factors contribute to the start of the American Revolution? This task requires you to discover sources that discuss both the American Revolution and economics in each of two areas: the start of the war the conduct and  progress of the war. A source that discusses the social or religious motivations of the Revolution would not be relevant. Assessing Sources- Purpose Sources need to match your task but they also have their own purpose. The task the source addresses is the purpose of the source. In other words, it is the reason the source exists. This may be  to answer a specific question or address a particular issue. Sometimes the sources purpose will not match your own. Despite this, the source may still contain useful evidence, or provide an argument useful to your own writing. You should use the source, but keep in mind its limitations. Purpose: Example Different types of sources have different purposes. There are three main categories of purpose: to inform to persuade to entertain H?ere is an example of a source that is meant to inform. Assessing Sources- Audience You should also consider the intended audience of a source as you assess  it. The audience is the individual or group for whom the source was created. The intended audience affects the tone of the source, the type of information shared, and more. For example, you would explain the causes of the American Revolution differently to a third-grader than you would to a meeting of the Organization of American Historians. Audience: Example Here are three examples of how sources vary depending on  the audience. Title “The Pat?riot” Was the American Revolution? Fought Over Economics and Greed?” “Economic? Causes of the Revolutionary War” Source Type This is a movie meant for a general public’s entertainment. This is a persuasive blog post by an amateur historian. This is an informative article by a retired economics professor. Audience As entertainment, this movie emphasizes drama over facts, and is intended for general audiences. Movie goers have responded positively to emotional intensity of the Patriot cause. Those trained in history have cringed at the inaccuracies. The author intends this site to be “attractive to new and intermediate students of the American Revolution period, not just the scholars….” The audience is history buffs, with limited time to read long or in-depth pieces. This article appears on EH.net, the online publication of the Economics History Association. The audience is “scholars in economic history and related fields” who desire a longer, more technical article with citations. Balanced Sources As you gather and evaluate sources, remember that sources should be balanced. Balance should happen in two places: The source itself should provide  an even-handed discussion of a topic and provide  reliable evidence in that discussion. All of your sources together, which may be limited in their points of view or use of evidence individually, are combined to present a well-rounded view of the topic. Balanced Sources: Example 1 ?Listen to the clip below: Here is an example of an unbalanced source. The Life of General Francis Marion (1824) by Mason L?ocke Weems. “[H]ow can I ever forget Marion, that vigilant, undaunted soldier, whom thy own mercy raised up to scourge such monsters, and avenge his countrys wrongs…The Washington of the south, he steadily pursued the warfare most safe for us, and most fatal to our enemies.” Balanced Sources: Example 2 ?Listen to the clip below: Here is an example of a balanced source. “The Swamp Fox,” by Amy Crawford on Smithsonian.com (2?011). “Most heroes of the Revolution were not the saints that biographers like Parson Weems would have them be, and Francis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians. While not noble by todays standards, Marions experience in the French and Indian War prepared him for more admirable service.” Conclusion In this lesson, you learned why using balanced sources is an important part of research and writing.

What is the Pronunciation for UN in French

How good are you at pronouncing the nasal U in French? Its a distinct sound that is used when UN or UM appear in a word and its a key part of learning proper French. Take a few minutes to run through a quick French pronunciation lesson and practice your nasal vowels. How to Pronounce UN in French The letter combination UN is called the nasal U. It is pronounced [euh(n)], where [euh] is more or less like the OO in good. The (n) is the nasal sound that is common in French. The nasal U can be spelled UN or UM. Either way, this sound is called the nasal U. Its important to note that this sound has disappeared in some French dialects. Its frequently being  replaced by the nasal I (IN). Practice Saying UN To get a good feel for the nasal U, you will need to practice and a few simple words should do. The reality is that you will use  un  as an article all the time, so that alone should give you plenty of time to perfect your UN. lundi  (Monday)un  (one)parfum  (perfume) Fine Tune Your Nasal Vowels Quite often,  nasal vowels are a new concept for native English speakers. Theyre used frequently in French, so it would serve you well to give them a good deal of attention. You will use the nasal sound almost every time a vowel is followed by M or N. Beyond UN and IN, practice the sound for AN and ON. The nasal E (EN) takes on the sound of the nasal A in most cases and the nasal I after  Ãƒâ€°, I, and Y. UN Versus LUn While were on the subject of UN there is one rather important grammar issue to note. The French word  un  is used as both a number and an article. However, in some circumstances, when it is used as a pronoun  it is  replaced by  lun.

Gun Control Is More Than Removing Guns From Our Homes Essay

Gun Control is About More than Removing Guns from Our Homes Every law-abiding American citizen should have a choice to own a gun, and it should not matter if their reason is for protection, for sport or to collect. Gun control is a concern that needs to be one of â€Å"less talk and more action†; in addition, it needs to be an issue where both parts of the Congress join together to find a solution to the growing problem of gun violence in the United States. Furthermore, the American people need to demand action from their state’s senators and representatives, not just during a time of stress following a gun-related incident, but continue to press until a permanent resolution is found. Gun control is a controversial subject because there are many who still believe it is all about the government taking away all guns, however, â€Å"Gun control† is an umbrella term for several types of gun regulations. Gun control calls for â€Å"common-sense measures† such a s banning â€Å"military-style weapons† and â€Å"universal background checks† (Should More Gun, 2016). There are federal laws covering some aspects of gun control, but many contain loop-holes (Perez-Pena, 2015). Most states have their own laws in place, however, there are no consistencies â€Å"at the state level† (Perez-Pena, 2015). In the late 1990’s, there were in fact roughly 20,000 federal, state or local laws covering gun control; the bulk of these laws were local codes (Spitzer, 1998). In a survey conducted in February 2013, by the Pew ResearchShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Gun Control1329 Words   |  6 PagesGun control is an extremely controversial topic in America. There are many advocates of weapon control - individuals who wish to have stricter laws to keep certain groups of individuals from acquiring a gun. In any case, there are likewise the general population who cant help contradicting gun control laws and accept there ought to be a more tolerant gun control to moreover enable individuals to protect themselves amid dangerous circumstances. On the two sides of this issue, sentiments extend fromRead MoreNo More Gun Control Needed1281 Words   |  6 PagesNo More Gun Control Needed The debate of whether or not the government should ban the sell of guns, and attempt to remove all guns in existence has been debated for a long period of time; I believe that banning guns is not only implausible, it will do more harm than good. In this essay, I’ll be discussing the history of this debate, as well as discuss some misinformation that’s been proposed by those wishing to ban guns. I’ll also discuss how guns do not turn ordinary, law abiding citizens intoRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment922 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a long debate to determine if it’s better to have stricter access to firearms. America is one of the few countries that has gun rights embedded in their constitution. But what makes the US exceptional is that it has the right to keep and bear arms, other countries do not provide the right to have access to them, but rather, the government is allowed to regulate its use. The right to bear arms has also been the cause of growing violence and crime, at least according to anti-gunRead MoreIs Guns Off The Streets?1159 Words   |  5 Pageslaying in the gutters as their warm blood warm the streets. Another son or daughter gone but not forgotten, and unanswered questions roam the streets. Guns, guns, and more guns have found their way into the homes and hands of the youth and the underprivileged. Sociologist James D. Wright suggests that to convince inner-city youths not to carry guns requires convincing them that they can survive in their neighborhood without being armed, that they can come and go in peace, that being unarmed willRead MoreGun Control and the Bill of Rights Essay710 Words   |  3 Pagesban firearms in the U.S? Guns have been a part of American history since we declared independence from Britain in 1776. Many people believe that removing weapons from the hands of citizens is the only way to stop criminals from shooting down people at malls and kids at schools, but th is is not the case. Outlawing guns is not the answer for effectively reducing gun crime. According to Wikipedia, a firearm is a portable gun, being a barreled weapon that launches one or more projectiles often drivenRead MoreWe Have The Right Of Bear Arms1449 Words   |  6 Pagesknown for its freedom, but it’s slowly being taken away from us by the government and protesters who think that guns kill and cause violence and murders. The protesters like to blame the gun for what people do, the gun doesn’t shoot itself, and it’s the ignorant person behind it. America is known for their gun power and strength and if you take that all away then countries will be able to attack us more easily. The key is to be responsible with guns, which would make no problems. It is not easy to stopRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreGun Control Fails To Prevent Criminals From Getting Guns Essay1027 Words   |  5 Pagesrelaxing ambiance. You open a few windows and the front door to better enjoy the calming effect of the rainfall. Going into the kitchen, you decide to make a cup of coffee so you can sit down and read the Sunday paper. Suddenly, a man bursts into your home carrying a small pistol and comes running towards you. You manage to shut the kitchen door and go through the pantry into your hallway. Running up the stairs, you turn around and see the man coming up behind you. You make it to your bedroom, slammingRead MoreGun Control Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesWhy gun control won’t solve any prob lems Guns have been around since the 1300s, from the muskets to the very high-tech guns we have today. Today guns are used for sports, like hunting and competition and also guns are used in self-defense in the protection of ourselves and families and others. The military uses guns and various other tactics to protect and fight for our country, also guns are used in law enforcement such as the police. But with these guns comes hostility from people when shootingsRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesGun control has become a very important topic within the United States after the past couple of months. There have been many issues that have occurred to make people think that banning guns is something we need to invest in, even though that just would not be the greatest option. There are many parts to winning a debate on gun control. One always needs to be sure to view both sides of the issue, look at the causes and the effects of the issue, and being sure one has enough facts and statistics to

Internet Banking Free Essays

string(55) " devices are so small that a user can use as keychain\." Internet Banking (with examples from Developed vs Developing Countries) Presented to: Bert Lind Presented by: Group No. 1 †¢ S101417 Shahid Javed †¢ S104503 Mumtaz Ali †¢ S104451 Asif Iqbal †¢ S101291 Mm Mudassar †¢ S101659 Muhammad Shahzad Abstract We have discussed internet banking and security issues. Then we have given comparison of internet banking in developed countries and developing countries on the basis of security and infrastructure issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Banking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Examples of banks are given from Pakistan (HSBC) and Sweden (Nordea). And services of both banks are compared on the basis of infrastructure and security issues. Introduction Internet banking enables users to make financial transactions on a secure website operated by their bank. Banking some around or yet in some underdeveloped countries, bank transaction is done by paper work e. g. using cheaque Book to withdraw cash, but with the passage of time when Information Technology is so much in, then this paper work is seem to be hazard for an organization to maintain numbers of customer and also customer have no to stand in queue to just with draw cash then the Internet-Banking come to in origin. Internet-Banking is easy to maintain by Bankers as well as by customer.Now a day’s customer also preferred those banks which provide Inter-Banking facility. So we can say that when IT and Bank work to gather then this terminology is called Internet-Banking. At the beginning Internet banking was used mainly as an information presentation medium in which banks advertised their products and services on the Web sites. With the advancement of information technology and secured electronic transaction technologies, banks have started Internet banking both as a transactional as well as for advertisement purpose.Now writing checks, paying bills, transferring funds, printing statements, and inquiring about account balances is possible onlie. Internet banking is now â€Å"one stop service and information unit† that is giving great benefits to both banks and consumers. Internet banking services are necessary for survival of banks in the world of electronic commerce. Internet banking is spreading fastly in developing countries, affecting the competitive advantage enjoyed by traditional branch banks.Due to advancement in information technology banking without internet banking seems nothing. So, every bank in the world wants to give services online as much as possible. Internet banking is developed countries has support of better infrastructure while in developing countries support of better infrastructure is not available. So, giving internet banking in developing countries is difficult for a bank. Some banks are providing better ebanking services in developed countries but same banks are not proving better ebankin services in developing countries.Internet banking is increasing day by day. Mostly bank now switch there system from paper work to Online scenario but some how of the activity is still available in hard form because underdeveloped countries still not fully equipped with Internet-Banking as the strength of usage of Internet Banking in European/Scandinavian region is much high. Features of online Banking The common features of online banking fall into several categories Transactional †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Applications such as applying for a loan, ope ning a new account, etc. Utility and electronic bills payment Money transfer between user’s own accounts or to another person’s account Purchase or sale anything from internet Non-transactional †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bank statements Financial Institution Administration Support of multiple users with different levels of authority Transaction approval process Personal financial management support Some online banks allow the customers to manage all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions. These are common ways to perform a transaction. †¢ †¢ Debit cards (Atm machine, shoping on stores etc. ) Credit cards (online shoping, payments etc. ) Direct banking via web (money transfer from account to account, payments etc) Better design of website is also important to attract costumers. First page of web must be designed in a way that it conveys important messages as well as it opens in less time. Bank increasingly switch to website system or e-banking side to catch the customers not only to inquire about the account balance, interest and exchange rates but also to made several online transaction activities. This up gradation of every bank systems come up in a race of to be ahead from other bank by which the bank look for new challenges in bank management, rules and supervision authorities to check the e-banking service is working smoothly and properly and customer can’t be affect by this new rules and catch more and more customers to promote the Bank. Security issues Security is main issue of internet banking because a lot of money is involved during transactions. A costumer will not satisfied untill he has clear views about security of his money. At the beginning of ebanking only informational stuff was available on websites.And there are not so much security issues. But with advancement now almost all type of transactions are done via web. So, there are many threats available to ebanking. Protection through single password authentication is not secure in Internet shopping sites. Basically there exist two different security methods for online banking. †¢ The PIN and TAN system where the PIN is a password, used for the login and TANs are one-time passwords to authenticate transactions. TANs can be sent to user by postal letter. The most secure way of using TANs is to generate them by need using a security token.These token generated TANs depend on the time and a unique secret, stored in the security token and called two-factor authentication. †¢ Signature based online banking where all transactions are signed and encrypted digitally. The Keys for the signature generation and encryption can be stored on smartcards or any memory medium, depending on the concrete implementation. Security token devices Security tokens are used to prove identity of a user electronically. The token is used in addition to or in place of a password to prove that the customer is who they claim to be.These tokens are generated for a short period of time and these are different every time. Token devices are so small that a user can use as keychain. You read "Internet Banking" in category "Papers" That have small keypads to allow entry of a PIN and a small screen to show numbers. Special designs include a USB connector, RFID functions or Bluetooth wireless interface to enable transfer of a generated key number sequence to a client system. Stealing Information Methods There are many ways to steal some one’s information and Most are based on deceiving the user to steal login data and valid TANs. Two most popular attacks are phishing and pharming.Phishing is an simple way of hacking carried out by Highly Skilled IT Professionals who used social engineering techniques to made IT Users fool in very easy way and snatch the information which benefits them but it will cause heavy damage to IT users. To avoid phishing always keep update to date to how these attacks are carried out. Pharming is an another way of hacking techniques carried out by Highly Skilled IT Professional who used to redirect the secure traffic to the fake domain name from where the information going to be sealed and used them according to what these information is stealed.Using trojan horse and keylogers are other ways. These type of softwares work in background and send the typed information to unothorised persons. Signature based online banking is attacked in a way, that correct transactions are shown on the screen and faked transactions are signed in the background. â€Å"Man in the Browser attack† where a Trojan horsesgives access to hacker to make changes in victem’s account number and amount. Ways to avoid Attacks There exist several ways to avoid attacks. †¢ †¢ Digital certificates provided by banks are used against phishing and pharming.Class-3 card readers are used to avoid manipulation of transactions by the software in signature based online banking. †¢ Anti virus softwares are used to protect systems against Trojan horses. Users should use virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e-mail attachments. Ethical overview In Internet Banking internet privacy is a major concern of today. Privacy over the Internet has raised certain ethical issues in internet banking usage, which need to be dispensed with. While providing to the privacy needs of the Internet users, we need to implement certain ethics.Consideration of the ethics of eBusiness has slim towards to focus on areas relating to the instability of information collected and held electronically and transferred via computer to computer communication. These include privacy of information about individuals, accuracy of information, ownership of information and intellectual property and accessibility of information held. There are numbers of theories regarding the Ethical behavior but as per IT infrastructure these ethical behavior must be considered and also have to reviewed these rules according to IT Infrastructure. ) Kantianism Ethics 2) Utilitarianism Ethics Kantianism:According to Kantianism the one should obey the rules such a way that the principle of one’s action could serve as a universal law implemented by a domain or organization. In internet banking we mostly fit this theory to Database Administrator who has the access of all the information of the customer. If Database Administrator found some issue in database and it is only possible by accessing that data in real format then this is not an ethical issue because in Internet Banking other information viewed without any permission is against the Kantianism.So as in Information Technology some time we have to go against the rules and we have to work more against Ethical Theories regarding Information Technology. Utilitarianism:According to Utilitarianism the positive aspects of work done by any one should be delivered to more and more peoples, and the negative aspects much are less. In Internet Banking the Utilitarianism theory play important role for any Banking sector. Mostly Banking sectors provided the 4/7 services to there customers to provide as much support they want in getting more and more customers by doing positive aspects and if there customer are not satisfied by the services bank provide then the Utilitarianism theory didn’t implemented. Comparison of ebanking in developed and developing countries. We have compared Internet banking in developing and developed countries on the basis of available infrastructure to banks and security issues. Better ebanking on the basis of better infrastructure In developed countries almost all shoping markets are connected to banks.User can pay money with cards and as well as directed banking. E shoping is avaiable easily. Ther are a lot of e shops available. User can purchse any thing of his need without going to market with his online account. This type of infrastructure is plus point for bank to give better e services to users. While in developing countries all shoping markets are not connected to banks. Less e shops arte available. So banks can not provide better e services. Better ebanking on the basis of better security The main requirement of every costumer is security of his money and secure transactions.Those banks which have better security feachers are growing rapidly and providing better e services. Some banks provide insurance of money in case of loss. But they charge separate fee for this. We have taken examples of two banks, one from developed country (Sweden, Nordea) and other from developing country (Pakistan, HSBC). Internet Banking in Pakistan (HSBC) HSBC is an international bank and it’s also work in Pakistan with Internet Banking facility. The Bank provides the following features as online banking. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Online Services like Account, Credit Card transactions and balances check.Money Transfer between your accounts or to rest of the world. View Detail Transaction Template Bill Payment of Credit Card Utility Bills Payment Open another Accounts Find online Help 24/7 †¢ †¢ Easily change of address ; Personal Information Change of pin codes ; other security data HSBC Online Service Could Be Availed with following. †¢ †¢ †¢ Windows XP (SP2) with IE 7. 0 or Netscape 8. 1. 2 (Firefox mode) MAC OS with Firefox 2. 0 Windows 2000 with IE 6. 0 (SP1) The HSBC internet banking also provide security measures its end and also required participation from customers shows as follow.Customer Participation:†¢ Always make your password using the combination of upper and lower case letters, numbers combination e. g. ui9 ujewcYU †¢ Don’t try to use your personnel term that other can be judge like family name, date of birth or your contact numbers. †¢ Always change your password on regular basis so that its make less noticeable by using online change password service. †¢ †¢ Never expose your password to anyone and never wrote it down on a paper. Always used a computer enabled with a personnel firewall because this is especially built to protect your computer from direct attack of hackers. Always keep your PC up-to-date by download the update patches for latest protection. †¢ Do not try to do your internet banking from public or shared places like internet cafe because you don’t know which software are installed on public computer. †¢ Always properly terminated the Internet Banking session using â€Å"Logoff† button to ensure you end the session made. †¢ Never leave your Internet Banking session unattended in any case. †¢ Always close the other web activity while your Internet Banking session because it will protect your computer from being exposed directly to your Internet Banking activity. Never installed unregistered software on your computer you used mostly for Internet Banking. †¢ Always confirm the HSBC certificate by double click the â€Å"Lock† icon in web browser when opened HSBC website to ensure that your open the proper HSBC website. †¢ Always disable â€Å"Auto Complete† function from Internet Explorer because by doing this we can made the system to not to remember any data activity like password and you can do this by visiting the â€Å"Auto Complete† from Tools in explorer. †¢Always disable your file and printer sharing activity to direct expose of your computer from other peoples in a network if you used a group of networks. HSBC Security Participation †¢ You are individually recognized by your Internet Banking ID and password every time you bank online. †¢ Your financial information is secure by Secure Socket Layer (SSL) 128-bit encryption, the most protected form available commercially. †¢ If you disremember to log off after banking online, we trigger an automatic ‘timeout’ after a period of idleness to prevent illegal access. The pages you have surveyed during your banking session terminate to prevent the pages from being kept in your browser cache, ensuring that no one can view these pages again and your financial information. †¢ We also track the number of logon tries. if we find three consecutive incorrect passwords have been attempted, we will immediately disable online access and customers will need to contact us again to re-establish the access? Nordea Nordea is providing almost all types of e banking. And sweden has powerfull infrastructure to facilitate nordea.Almost all shops accepts Nordea cards. Eshoping is available with Nordea cards as well as direct banking. Users has faith on bank due to powerfull security measures of Nordea. Website of nordea is accesable almost on all operating systems. Security at Nordea Nordea offer three different types of security solutions. †¢ †¢ †¢ E-code, the login and via the internet and telephone (card reader without cable + card). Personal code for simplified login via Internet and telephone. e-ID card in, the login and via the internet (card reader with cable). Codes and cards are valuable documents.Remember that your codes and cards are valuable documents. Store them in a safe place, but never together. If you lose your codes or your e-ID, you can block them by calling the bank. Security measures †¢ †¢ When you shop online. Never enter your PIN code when shopping at a store on the Internet. If you trade often and pay by card, plug in to our services more secure card purchases on the Internet. That way you never provide your real card number when you shop. In many stores there are also alternative payment e-payment, which is a direct transfer between two accounts with us – your own and shop. Be critical of all the emails you get where someone asks you to surrender your personal and sensitive information. Nordea will contact you never e-mail or telephone to ask you for personal information. Should you make any financial transactions are always in our system, after you identified yourself. Then Nordea know who you are and you as a customer be sure that you are communicating with Nordea. †¢ Never click on links in emails unless you are absolutely sure that the message is genuine. It is better to write the address directly into your browser or contact the sender o ensure that the message is genuine. †¢ †¢ Never click on attachments in e-mail if you’re not entirely sure what it is. Never share sensitive or financial information in an unsecured Web page, or by regular mail, which is not encrypted. Regular e-mail is more secure than sending information on a postcard. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Never give out your personal code or PIN to debit and credit cards on the Internet, even if you get the question from someone who you perceive to be credible. Regularly check your bank statements. Report immediately any questions by calling the Customer Service Centre. React immediately if you suspect that someone else is pretending to be received by Nordea on the Internet. Once you have logged into our Internet pages is protected against unauthorized access. The image of a padlock in the status bar at the bottom of your browser shows that the pages are protected. If you click on the padlock, a window appears with a security certificate. The certificate is a section that reads: Awarded to gfs. nb. se. Then you know that it is Nordea you are communicating with. †¢ Write yourself the address into your browser. Our address to the home page always begins with http://www. ordea. se Some key differences between Nordea and HSBC †¢ In HSBC user have to give his account number and pin code in almost all transactions. So if there is a virus in computer.There are chances to hack that account and un authorised use is possible. But in nordea in almost 95 % transactions account number and pin code is not used in computer. Account page is accessable via personal number and temporary code generated by security device. Pin code is used in that device which has no link with computer. So there are almost no chance of hacking of account even computer has virus. †¢ HSBC has less infrastructure for ebanking while Nordea has very much developed infrastructure. There is less awareness of ebanking in the country of HSBC while people of country of Nordea has very much aware of ebanking. †¢ Website of HSBC is less secured as compared to Nordea. Conclusion Ebanking is evolving rapidly in developed as well as in developing countries. But factors like better infrastructure, better security measures, awareness etc are giving edge to ebanking in developed countries while developing countries are struggling to overcome these factors.Ebanking is need of time in changing world of information technology.References 1. 2. 3. wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_banking†http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Online_banking (October 2010) Internet Banking in Pakistan by Shahzad Shariz 2006. Factors Influencing the Adoption of Internet Banking by Margaret Tan and Thompson S. H. Teo National University of Singapore. 4. Finance Development by Saleh M Nsouli and Andrea Schaechter Washington. 5. 6. 7. The Ethics Of Ebanking by Dr. Lisa Harris and Dr. Laura J. Spence. http://www. hsbc. com. pk http://www. nordea. se How to cite Internet Banking, Papers

Genesis (1102 words) Essay Example For Students

Genesis (1102 words) Essay GenesisI have never read the Bible before, in reading the chapters I find myself evenmore confused about God then I was before. I wrote what I thought was going onin each chapter and even asked a few questions. If this is not what you arelooking for please let me know so I can do it right for the next time. Chapter 1In this chapter God created heaven and the earth. We are to see God in thischapter as a spirit. On the first day God divided the light (good) from the dark(bad). On the second day God divided the waters and called the firmament heaven. We will write a custom essay on Genesis (1102 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (I do not know what the word firmament means. Can you please explain?) On thethird day God made the earth with grass and trees that grew fruit on them. Onthe fourth day he made the stars in the heaven to point out day from night. Healso created the sun and moon. On the fifth day God created the sea animals andthe birds. On the sixth day God created male and female to rule over all theother animals. I dont understand the wording in the next section; HeMarucheau 3 refers to everything as his kind and lets make man in OURimage. To whom does our refer to? Later he mentions that it is in his ownimage. On the seventh day he rested, so he could sit back and enjoy all that hecreated. God is not a living person in chapter one; he is a spirit that movesacross the earth. God says something and it happens. We believe that it tookonly six days to create earth but who is to say it didnt take longer. Therewere no clocks at that time and there was no one around to see what actuallywent on. Chapter 2 This chapter also is about the creation. Only in this chapterGod is a man. God formed man out of dirt of the ground with his two hands andthen he gave him life. God also brought forth all the animals for the man toname. Now in class we said this was the way man was to find a mate, I neverthought of it that way. I just thought this was the way God was showing man whyhe was going to rule the earth by giving the animals names. This was a way toshow authority over them. Then God saw how lonely man was and then decided tocreate woman to keep him company. God puts man to sleep and takes out one of hisribs then forms woman with it. I was always taught to believe that God was aspirit so this version of creation I do not believe in. Marucheau 4 Chapter 3 Inthis chapter a serpent in present in the garden (which God created), that Ialways thought it was the Devil. The serpent tricks the woman into eating theforbidden fruit (which I always thought it was an apple). In class we discussedthat th e fruit meant sex. I still dont understand how this is so. Man andwoman now know all that is good and evil, they figure out that they are naked. God knows that they ate the fruit that he told them not to so he punishes allthree of them. I think the punishment were not fair, the serpent now has tocrawl on his belly for the rest of his life, the woman has the pain of childbirth and the man walks away with a slap on the hands. I know God tells him thathe shall go back to the dirt in which he was made but we all do, not just man. .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .postImageUrl , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:hover , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:visited , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:active { border:0!important; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:active , .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c90bca42e9e1b088a12821ca26b7deb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mecha EssayChapter 6 This chapter explains that we began to multiply and man take woman forhis wife. When God mentions 120 years I though that was how long man was goingto be aloud to live upon earth. God was mad in everything that he created so hewas going to destroy it. So he could wash away all of his mistakes and startover. God chooses Noah and his family to build an ark so they would be saved. God chooses Noah because he was obedient to the Lord. God told Noah that he wasgoing to destroy the earth with water. God told Noah how to build the ark andwhat to take with him on the ark. Noah did everything as God asked. Marucheau 5Chapter 7 In this chapter God tells Noah to take clean beasts by sevens anddirty beasts by twos. What does he mean by clean and dirty? Were dirty beastssomething like pigs? God gave Noah seven days to get ready for the rain. Godcauses the rain to fall upon earth for forty days. After the flood the onlythings that would still be alive were the things on Noahs Ark. It took ahundred and fifty days for the water to dry up. God destroyed the earth becausethere was so much evil upon it. God must have been human because he mademistakes. Chapter 18 In this chapter God is trying to decide if Abraham shall bethe one who is saved when God is to destroy the town. God says to Abraham andSarah that they were going to have a son. Sarah laughs at this idea because they were very old and she does not think this could happen. Abraham starts tocompromise with God and try to save the city. Abraham says to God if he findsfifty righteous people in the city will he save it from being destroyed? Godchalenges him by saying find them and I will not destroy it. In hearing thisAbraham thinks to him self maybe he will go lower. So Abraham asks what aboutforty-five people, forty, thirty, twenty, ten? God does not seem to answer butAbraham is pleading for the lives of the people in the city. I didntunderstand this chapter very well. Verses one through eight were confusing. Marucheau 6 Chapter 22 God tells Abraham to take his son Isaac to the burntoffering to offer his son up to God. Isaac asks Abraham where is the lamb forthe offering, he is very smart and worried. Abraham says that the Lord willprovide it. Abraham builds an altar and places his son upon it; he is about tokill his own son when an angel calls out to him. The Angel asks him if he isabout to kill his only son who was given to him by the Lord as an offering. ThenAbraham panics and offers a ram instead. The Angel of the Lord came to him asecond time and offered him a blessing for what he did. The verses nineteenthrough twenty-four who were they talking about was it Abrahams wife?

4 Actionable Tips to Boost Your Websites Referral Traffic

There are a lot of ways to encourage people to visit your website. You can use  search engines, paid ads, and of course, referrals. However, all these methods require you to put in some work if you want to see success, and thats particularly true when it comes to referral traffic.Aside from publishing quality content, there are a lot of ways you can drive more traffic from other places around the web. In most cases, these involve doing a little outreach, such as by looking for guest posting opportunities. However, the rewards are well worth the effort involved.In this article, well briefly talk about what referral traffic is in case youre not familiar with the term. Then well teach you four ways to bring in as much of it as possible. Lets get to work! In a nutshell, referral traffic is the visitors who reach your website without going through a search engine (or typing in your URL directly). Essentially, they came from a link somewhere else, which could be another website, social m edia, email, etc.  The main takeaway here is that referrals can be just as important as organic traffic, which is why you should care about encouraging them.Your guide to bringing in more referral traffic (4 key techniques)Like off-page  Search Engine Optimization (SEO), getting more referral traffic is all about outreach. Of course, if you want other sites to link to yours, youll first need to focus on creating the best content you can. After that, the following four techniques should help you drive as much referral traffic as possible.1. Look for guest posting opportunitiesIf you take a look at your favorite blogs, youll probably notice that a lot of them feature guest writers from time to time. Guest posting is a time-honored practice, where you strike a deal to publish your original content on someone elses site.In some cases, guest posters get paid for their work. Others do it to build up their portfolios, or just to get the opportunity to link back to their websites. There s usually a tacit agreement with guest posts that you can link to your own website or social media accounts, as long as you dont abuse that privilege.This makes guest posts an excellent way to encourage referral traffic, as youll be driving visitors from other key sites back to your own content. Plus, guest posting also enables you to make a name for yourself within your niche.How to find guest post opportunitiesThe best way to find guest posting opportunities is to check out the blogs you already follow. If they accept submissions, theyll often have a dedicated Write for Us page.You can also simply go through a search engine, where its easy to find lists of sites that accept guest post submissions:Once youve identified at least a few sites that permit guest posts, you can also check out which writers are the most prolific there. A quick reverse-image search for their headshots can often reveal other blogs where theyve posted, which may also accept guest submissions:Guest posting ca n be a powerful tool. Just remember that you also need to keep your own blog updated, so dont try to take on too many extra articles at once!2. Comment on blog posts and sites within your nicheOne of the hallmarks of popular blogs is that theyll get lots of comments on most of their posts. Once you get to that point, youll know youve made it too. However, you can also use those blogs popularity to your advantage while youre still growing yours.If you like to look through blog comments, youve probably seen many that look like this:As you might imagine, these kinds of comments are meant to piggyback on the original posts popularity to get some referral traffic.The method from the screenshot isnt usually the best approach because a lot of sites treat these comments as spam. So unless your link is super relevant, dont go for the direct link.A better way is to add your link to your name, which WordPress lets you do by default. A common strategy is to comment as your blog name. Or, for a more personal touch, you can include both your real name  and your blog name like this:John ThemeIsleYoull see this approach a lot:3. Ask influencers to link to your blog postsWithin almost every niche, there are a few people at the top who get a lot of attention because of their authority on the subject.With some luck and hard work, you can also make it to the top of your niche. However, while youre working on that, getting a shoutout from someone who is already well-established can be a significant boon to your website. The problem is that theres minimal motivation for those established influencers to share content from up-and-coming websites.This means that youll need to build a relationship first, which you can do in several ways:Submit guest posts to the influencers website often.Share their content with your own followers via social media or your website.Leave insightful comments on their posts (only when you have something to contribute to the conversation).To put it anoth er way, your goal should be to get on the influencers radar. Some people recommend asking influencers directly to share your content. However, thats usually not as successful unless your website is already well established. After all, the more high profile someone is within your niche, the more likely it is that they receive dozens of such requests weekly (or even daily).As for how to identify influencers within your niche, its all about keeping up with your competitors. Find out what the most popular sites and blogs are in your field, and keep track of who publishes great content often. Usually, these people will also have a large social media following, so theyre easy to identify.4. Be active on social media platformsIf you want people to share your content on social media, it needs to be engaging, and  you need to be active on the platforms you want to target. For most blogs, Facebook and Twitter are the obvious choices. Instagram can be important too, especially if your conten t is more visually-oriented.Once you know what social media platforms your followers use, youll want to figure out when the best time is to share your content there. For example, if you post content at 1pm on Facebook, its more likely to get shares, but clicks seem to max out around 3pm.Knowing  when  to share your content is only half the battle, however. For it to do well, youll want to use featured images that catch the viewers attention, and  craft engaging headlines. If you can get the hang of these three vectors (timing, visual appeal, and strong titles), your content is likely to do well on social media.Finally, remember to take some time to answer any questions your audience might have on social media platforms (something you should also be doing on your own site). That way, youll build a rapport with your followers, and it wont seem like youre just using social media to get more referral traffic.To learn more, check out our post on building a social media strategy.Con clusionA lot of people think that  Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the only thing they have to worry about when it comes to getting more traffic. However, referral traffic can be just as important for driving people to your site. The more work you do to bring in referral traffic, the more your name will grow within your niche, so its a win-win situation.To recap, here are four simple ways to maximize your referral traffic:Look for guest posting opportunities.Comment on blog posts and sites within your niche.Ask influencers to link to your blog posts.Be active on social media platforms.Do you have any questions about how to get more referral traffic for your website? Lets talk about them in the comments section below! Here are 4 ways to start getting more referral traffic to your #website

New Meaning for Ingest

New Meaning for Ingest New Meaning for Ingest New Meaning for Ingest By Maeve Maddox A reader has alerted me to a new use of the verb ingest: Feed is a suite of tools to assist in preparing content for ingest into HathiTrust. I found additional examples of this incomprehensible use of ingest in what are clearly technical contexts: High Speed Smart Data Ingest into Hadoop Fedora digital objects can be encoded in several XML formats for ingest and export. I was ingesting with the cli interface by creating a file that is cli commands Since the 17th century, ingest has been used in English with the meaning â€Å"to take in food.† Substances other than food are also said to be ingested. In reference to human beings, ingest is a clinical term for â€Å"to eat† or â€Å"to swallow.† In figurative usage, it can be simply to â€Å"to take in† or â€Å"to absorb.† For example, birds are said to be â€Å"ingested† by jet engines. A student â€Å"ingests† information.† Here are some examples that illustrate the usual meaning of the verb and its different forms: Children ingest considerable amounts of soil Foreign body ingestion is not uncommon in clinical practice, and it may occasionally lead to penetration injuries. The Nature of the Ingested Protein Has No Effect on Lean Body Mass During Energy Restriction in Overweight Rats American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) gives important instructions about what to do if a child has ingested poison. ‘Miami Zombie’ Didn’t Ingest Bath Salts Confirms Autopsy In the context of computer science, ingest seems to have acquired a meaning similar to input. I found this definition of the term â€Å"data ingestion† at TechTarget: Data ingestion is the process of obtaining, importing, and processing data for later use or storage in a database. This process often involves altering individual files by editing their content and/or formatting them to fit into a larger document. I often have the feeling that some of the changes in usage like this unfamiliar meaning for ingest are driven by non-native English speakers who translate words from their own languages into English words that don’t necessarily have the same meaning in English. For example, the German verb einnehmen can be translated as â€Å"to partake of a meal,† but it also means â€Å"to get, receive, collect,† meanings that certainly go along with the definition of â€Å"data ingestion.† Apart from computer jargon, ingest still means â€Å"to swallow, to consume, to take by mouth.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsThat vs. WhichMay Have vs. Might Have

Health insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health insurance - Essay Example 2) 'Impossibility Doctrine' is a reason for not performing the duties due to some circumstantial changes in the situation, where the subject matter of the contract has been destroyed without either party's fault making it impossible to be performed making the contract illegal (Beale, Bishop and Furmston, 2007:p.463) The impossibility doctrine does not apply in this case as the employer had the option of removing the bargaining unit employees from the insurance under Select Blue Plan as argued by the union. The employer could have resolved the issue with continuous negotiations with the union and employees while resolving the financial exigencies as well. According the Article 11, the employer is in obligation to provide health care service as per the contract and has thus violated the Article 11. 3) Yes. Employer violated the Article 11 because it is clearly mentioned in the article that employees shall be enrolled in the Select Blue/Point of Service Plan with common provider directory of Ohio and Pennsylvania physicians and hospitals. Further, employees will have $10 co-payment for visit and $10 co-payment for prescription.

Prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prompt - Essay Example Prince Hamlet’s spiritual reckoning with his dead Father and his trust in him motivates him to kill Claudius.(Thesis) In this play the main theme is the revenge of Prince Hamlet and his expedition to kill his Father’s murderer. Here the King, who is Hamlet’s Father was killed by his brother – in law for wealth and power. Claudius being the murderer of King, marries his wife that is his sister and rules Denmark .Hamlet being ignorant of these facts gets encountered by his Father’s soul and understands the reality. Hence forth, he is motivated to kill Claudius by trusting his Father’s spirit’s words Claim 1 : Hamlet’s spiritual reckons his dead Father In this play ‘Hamlet’ the prince Hamlet is guided by his father’s spirit and this proves that death is not an end to life. The prince hears that some people have witnessed his father’s spirit and he believes in the same. Afterwards , he himself encounter hi s father ‘s spirit which gives him an insight about his father’s death and the person who is behind it. ... Here in this case of Prince Hamlet, he believes in spirit and after life only after he had experienced it. He have heard of his Father’s ghostly presence from outsiders , but when he comes in contact with it in reality , he gets more indulged in the concept of spirit. His father let out the fact that he was murdered by Claudius and he wants his son to take revenge for it. Evidence : Spirituality The concept of spirituality proves that human body is merely matter and the main force which directs body and psyche is human spirit. This spirit is the soul that exists in human body and it is indestructible and unconquerable. In case of unnatural death the soul or spirit of a human is believed to be wandering on earth to take out it’s vengeance on their enemy. This aspect can be evident in the play when people said to have find the spirit of the King previously to Prince Hamlet‘s vision of it After encountering his Father’s spirit , Hamlet gets obsessed with the c oncept of death and views death and spirit from various angles. He is concerned about spirits awakening after death and the concept of ghost on a wider perspective. Although spirits existence is reality and there is scientific facts exists regarding it. Example – Believing in spirit is filled with uncertainty. Spirits lives in other realm of life and believing them is filled with risk and uncertainty. This is because none can establish the true motive of spirits. The spirit can announce many things with less authenticity or truthful background. If one believe in them ,then he may have to take actions which is unethical and immoral just to satisfy the wavering intentions of the encountered spirit. It is not really sensible to trust on the words of spirit as

Referential Cohesion In The Construction Of Magazines English Language Essay

Referential Cohesion In The Construction Of Magazines English Language Essay Texts are categorized according to different genres, which are placed within a context. For example, articles in magazines are arranged in a way of coherence so that readers are able to interpret from what is being read. Yet, there are argument in terms of the word text and discourse. Like cohesion and coherence which needed to be distinguished, the inconsistencies of both terms have brought upon much confusion in studies done. Some researchers claimed to be doing text analysis but instead, have provided a study on discourse analysis albeit the basis of distinction of text and discourse as defined by Widdowson (1973; extracted from Widdowson, 2002); are the structure of sentences and usage of such sentences, respectively. But Widdowson (1978; Ibid.) himself did not maintain his definition and claimed later on, that discourse consists of sentences with properties such as cohesion and coherence. Much confusion led to many researchers to conclude that text is only used to refer to physi cal arrangement of linguistic signals on paper (Tadros, 1981), whereas discourse is used to refer to every investigation on the structure (supra-sentential) of any range of spoken or written language. Otherwise, this distinction is deemed unnecessary. Cohesion and coherence are analyzed based on individual texts and ergo, need to be distinguished. Cohesion correlates with the overt semantic relations whereas coherence deals with the relationship aspects of semantics, as well as pragmatics, within the text which are interpretable against the readers prior world knowledge (de Beaugrande Dressier 1981). In other words, cohesion deals with the surface level of text, whilst coherence serves as the underlying phenomenon in the text. Coherence is otherwise known as texture, features the combination of semantic configurations which is made up of register and cohesion. Cohesion, being the main focus of Halliday and Hasans work, is said to be a display of existing ties, between a presupposed item and a presupposing item that occurred in the text; thus making the text cohere. That said, Cohesion does not concern what a text means; it concerns how the text is constructed as a semantic edifice.(1976:26). Cohesion, thus contributes to the conn ectedness of the surface elements in the text (Berzlanovich, 2008), and builds the structure of the text in form of coherent sentences; which in the case of this paper, cohesion will be analyzed in the context of a local fashion magazines article. The way cohesion revolves around the text also depends on the varieties of discourse. Discourse here refers to verbal communication in its situational and social context (Ibid.). Since the roles of both cohesion and coherence occur interdependently with the type of genre, in some articles like academic discourse; it is found that conjunction is favored more as a cohesive link between sentences. Also, register-specific vocabulary in the text seems to be denoting as a primary factor for stronger cohesive effect, rather than general vocabulary (Teich Fankhauser, 2005). As for narrative structured articles like those from the fashion magazines, previous studies have found that the dominant characteristic typically found in narrative texts is referential cohesion especially when participant chains, anaphoric links, temporal and spatial progression are being investigated (Fox 1987, Berzlanovich, 2008). Lexical items are necessary in the organization of a discourse in order to consider its meanings semantically and whether those sentences are in association with the intended meanings in the text. Thus, lexical items are categorized into two groups: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion (Table 1, Appendix 1). Grammatical cohesion encompasses reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunctions, whilst lexical cohesion is classified into two types which are reiteration and collocation (Halliday Hasan, 1976). Previous studies have been published in abundance regarding textual cohesion and its devices. Nevertheless, so far to my knowledge, none of them has considered fashion magazine articles as a genre for analysis in the corpus of linguistic research, albeit many studies had been done in the area of language and gender but not from the linguistics aspect. Hence, an article from a local fashion magazine (Cleo) will be analyzed in relation to grammatical cohesion on one of its components- reference, which will be detected via the three dimensions as aforementioned: personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives (Appendix 2). Other dimensions of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion will be considered for future works, whilst in this paper referential cohesion is chosen to observe the linkage between sentences within the text, with the context in existence. The significance of this paper underpins the twofold objectives. Firstly, it is hoped that this stu dy will be able to provide better understanding regarding the use of referential links in the way a cohesive text is constructed on the surface level of sentences. Secondly, the frequent use of cohesive links with functions and purposes, within sentences will help us gain insights in the aid of the readers interpretation of the text based on the type of genre examined (magazine article). As a result, the study on cohesion will help to put up with effective reading and writing altogether with word choices and paragraphing in texts and discourses. Finally, the present study provides a surface-leveled analysis of grammatical referential device; employed in the usage of English in this informal context. Literature Review Halliday and Hasan (1976) have provided the fundamental framework in the functional grammar studies; a lot especially on the studies of cohesion in many research conducted in this field. Although, other researchers like Werlich (1983) and Brinker (2005) have also made contributions in this field of study. Yet, none has offered detailed and distinguished differentiation in terms of cohesion and coherence. Halliday Hasan (1976) only uses cohesion whereas Werlich (1983) emphasizes in coherence whereas Brinker (2005) points out that the distinction between cohesion and coherence is not necessary. On the other hand, researchers like de Beaugrande Dressier (1981) offers explanation on the surface for both terms, and others followed suit. Most of their classification of cohesive devises branches out, primarily, into grammatical and lexical cohesion; in which the former will be the subject of concentration in this present study, primarily on reference. Apart from that, Halliday also claims from the view of a functionalist in grammar; that language structure is explained by derivation from function and that he and Hasan has established a diversified functional/ text unity, mostly on structural elements like lexical repetition, lexical inclusion and many others which have contributed to the studies of cohesion. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), grammatical cohesion is divided into four different devices as follows (Querol 2004, Mohamed-Sayidina, 2010): Reference: one element of the text is related to another one as aforementioned for its interpretation, with the use of pronouns (personal, comparative and demonstrative) Semantic relation is required in this mechanism. It in the subsequent sentence refers to being normal. E.g.: Look at what being normal involves in this culture. A lot of it is what the rest of the world aspires to- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Substitution: the replacement of an item with another word to substitute a word or sentence. Others here is used to substitute some areas from being repeated. E.g.: Also, we have our own set of abilities and talents; in some areas, well be above average, while in othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ellipsis: the head noun, main verb, or even the whole clause is subsequently omitted in the following sentence. Consider this statement, whereby the making of sacrifices is omitted from the line that continues. Supposedly; People who have extraordinary lives often have to make sacrifices that many of us wouldnt consider worthwhile (of making the sacrifices). E.g.: People who have extraordinary lives often have to make sacrifices that many of us wouldnt consider worthwhile. Conjunction: an invariable  grammatical particle to connect two words, sentences, phrases and clauses to create discursive connections. There are several types of conjunctions namely coordinating, correlative and subordinating conjunctions. E.g.: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But when most of us wake up, life is much more prosaic, so we wonder what were doing wrong. Specifically, reference as defined by Halliday, is a participant or circumstantial element which is being introduced within the text at one point; either as a reference point preceded for the following phenomenon, or functions as a basis for comparison. Referential cohesion can be realized in three ways: personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives (Appendix 2). But in the in-depth analysis of referential cohesion, it does not only matter that these items exist in the text. It also matters if they (personal pronoun,  demonstrative  or  comparative) refer forward (anaphora) or backward (cataphora) to items  within  the text (endophora) or  outside  the text (exophora). Then again, readers might encounter some problems in relation to vague reference item, which neither refers to earlier  or  later  items  within  the text nor to entities  outside  the text, even if confined within the context. Thus, self-referential occurs w hen readers interpret the text based on their cultural or world knowledge. This situation is also known as homophora. All these may function as clue items to provide more information to words and phrases (Muto, n.d.). But in the case of this paper, the main concern of the study is solely to detect the frequent use of referential cohesive links in order for the text to flow from one interpretation to the next; personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives are the focus analysis. Hence, the present study does not include in-depth analysis on cohesion elements like anaphora, cataphora, endophora and exophora, or even other elements like ellipsis, substitution and conjunction are omitted, because this current study deals solely on the surface level of referential cohesive links (reference) although it is suggested that future studies should looked into those aspects aforementioned. For future studies, M.A.K Hallidays scope on references encompasses a wid e range of aspects to be looked into especially in the field of systemic functional grammar where more elaborated, technical works of grammar classification could be done in relevance to this current study. From lexical cohesion to grammatical cohesion, there are many research conducted in the field of cohesion and coherence, linguistically (Oliveria et.al, Klebanov Shamir 2006) or pragmatically (Kruijff-Korbayova Wolska 2008, Taboada 2004); yet, studies in this area are sensitive towards types of discourse, genre and text organizations (Berzlanovich, 2008). The study of this topic provides many helpful references and even contribute to the educational field (Muto, n.d., Mohamed-Sayidina, 2010), whereby analysis on lexical cohesion has been done on numerous students works. Also, the study on cohesion has led a group of researchers formulating a software called WordNet, to detect synsets (set of synonyms). As a result, more quantitative studies are conducted in the area of linguistics with the use of WordNet (Teich Fankhauser 2004, 2005). Consequently encouraging mixed method amongst the research done in analysis or application of the device. In the analysis of cohesion, the study is presented either in systemic inventory of cohesion or instances of cohesion in texts (Kunz 2008). Then, variations also play a part in the determination of the purpose of study. There are four types of variation which are variation over time, across registers, across languages, and across originals and translations. All the analysis can be done via theoretical and example-based analysis, in-depth text analysis or empirical analysis. In the present study, the instances of cohesion are analyzed from the text in a particular variation of a register (fashion magazine); in regards to how often the distribution of referential cohesions occur, via the method of surfaced text analysis per se. Methodology Data Collection An article was extracted from the local fashion magazine, namely Cleo. One article was adopted because it was due to pure intentions to merely detect the frequency of referential cohesive links throughout the text. In addition, these links are observed in terms of its occurrence in text apart from its connectivity within sentences. Fashion magazine was chosen because not many research have been done in this area of informal discourse, particularly in the feature of referential cohesion; most of the studies reflect on the academic (Mohamed-Sayidine 2010, Muto, n.d.), news (Oliveria et. al., n.d.), and formally written articles in magazines. No comparisons amongst genres were intended in this research; hence explains the reason for one article. Albeit comparisons amongst frequency of cohesive links used in various genres could lead to more future studies to be done. The researcher analyzed the article to detect types of referential cohesion based on an adaptation of methodology from Querol (2004) and its frequency of occurrence for each of the component- personal pronouns (determinative, possessive), demonstratives and comparatives, in order to observe the patterns of sentence construction with these cohesive elements. Firstly, personal pronouns will be observed from the determinative and possessive forms respectively. Then, demonstratives will be divided into specific demonstrative and non-specific demonstrative. Lastly, comparatives will be in terms of general and particular comparatives. The results are listed in Table 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Results Data Analysis Table 2 presents the total of occurrences of 74 for personal pronouns which include determinatives and possessives; as well as 50 and 10 for demonstratives and comparatives, respectively. Referential cohesion Total occurrences (Percentages) Personal Pronouns (determinative and possessive) 74 (55%) Demonstratives 50 (37%) Comparatives 10 (8%) Table 2: Total of occurrences according to types of reference. Then, in second place with total of 22 occurrences is calculated for determinative you/ yourself, preceded with determinative we /us, scoring the highest with a total of 24 occurrences. Determinatives such as they / them and it scored reasonably lower than the others with 9 and 10 occurrences respectively, whereas possessives pronouns like their/ theirs (3 occurrences) and its / our/ ours (6 occurrences) hardly occur throughout the text. Personal Pronouns Determinatives (No. of occurrences) Possessives (No. of occurrences) You/ yourself 22 She/ Her He/ Him They/ them 9 It 10 We /us 24 His Her/hers Their/ Theirs 3 Its / our/ ours 6 Table 3: Total of occurrences for Personal Pronouns (Determinative, Possessive). As for Table 4, specific demonstratives such as this, these, here, those, that are found quite common (27 occurrences) within the text if compared to non-specific demonstratives like it and the (23 occurrences). Otherwise, the results for total occurrences of demonstratives are quite consistent throughout the text unlike personal pronouns. Demonstratives Specific (No. of occurrences) Non-specific (No. of occurrences) This, these, here, those, that, there 27 It, the 23 Table 4: Total of occurrences for Demonstratives (Specific, Non-specific). The same scenario with almost equal consistency of results is also applicable to comparatives; with 4 occurrences for general comparatives (otherwise, apart from, instead of, also) whilst particular comparatives scored slightly higher with a total of 6 occurrences for words like much more, as many of, better than, pretty great / good and its better to. Thus, from the findings it is prominent that the highest form of occurrences falls on the personal pronoun category with almost half of the text (55%) construction is conformed to this particular referential link. Comparatives General (No. of occurrences) Particular (No. of occurrences) Otherwise Apart from Instead of Also 4 Much more As many of Better than pretty great / good Its better to 6 Table 5: Total of occurrences for Comparatives (General, Particular). Summary of Findings Different types of references will yield various results depending on the purpose of construction within the sentences. Discussion in this section of paper will be based on analysis of the highest occurrences per se from findings of each table (Table 2, 3, 4, and 5). As can be seen in Table 2, the highest total of occurrences is scored by personal pronouns (determinative and possessive) (55%), followed by demonstratives (37%) and lastly, comparatives (8%). Personal pronouns are defined as the pro-form which are  used to substitute the nouns. These pronouns are divided into determinatives (also determiner as the word modifier that determines the type of reference a noun/noun group has) and possessive (showing possession), albeit personal pronouns could sometimes function as a determinative but not in all cases. In the case of this study, the determinatives for personal pronouns are you/ yourself, she/her, he/him, they/them/ it, we/us. There has been much confusion which lies in diff erences of pronouns and determinative to the extent that some linguists viewed both of it to be closely related and that pronouns are in fact determiners without a noun / noun phrase. Nonetheless, a clear distinction between pronouns and determiners can be made with three main features that set the determiner apart from pronoun. A pronoun may be a determiner but a determiner cannot be a pronoun in the case of tagged questions. Examples (extracted from the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language) This is delicious, isnt  this? Also, pronouns cannot appear anywhere else except in between the verb and particle for phrasal verbs whereas determiners could be placed after a particle (example A). In addition, pronouns are said to be in the form of distinct genitive but determiners are not (example B). Example A: pick  it  up (correct) pick up  it (wrong) pick this up OR pick up this Example B: This is mine/yours/theirs. *This is alls. Personal pronouns reached the highest number of occurrences (74) as compared to demonstratives (50) and comparatives (10). The breakdown of the table into respective types of cohesion shows a higher reading generally in determinative (especially for we/us: 24 occurrences), instead of possessive. Such results are probably due to the type of genre and target audience which the text is focused upon. Hence the stylistic writing could be the choice of words used to manipulate readers mind. It shows solidarity and common grounds in terms of word use of we/us; which connotes the idea that readers and writers understand the situation and have common background knowledge for the context (de Beaugrande Dressier 1981). Sometimes, the we pronouns could be inclusive or exclusive if the writer wishes to include or exclude the audience from the text. Extract #1: The pressure to be anything but normal starts out young when were told how important it is to get good grades, and by the time were in our twenties, were suddenly feeling that we should be better paid, better looking and better travelled than our peers-in fact, better equals best. Extract #2: A lot of our fear of normality comes from a misplaced notion that we should be excelling in all areas of our life, otherwise were failing. One issue is that often what we think are our goals arent actually our own dreams-theyre what we believe society wants us to achieveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hymes (1967) once created the Model of interaction of language and social setting and categorizes speech situation into eight components: namely setting, participants, form and content of text, intent and effect of ends, key, genre, medium, and interactional norms, which it is also stated that the text is formed also as a part of speech situation. Later on, researchers (Halliday, McIntosh and Strevens) offered another explanation for derivation of features from a situation in a text. Three main headings are proposed: Field, Mode and Tenor which describes how a context is able in its function to determine the intended meanings from the text conveyed. The Field is the overall event which includes subject-matter as part of the element in order to function as a text in whole altogether with the purposive activity of the audience. The Mode is the function of the text in the event, that means of its genre and types of discourse to be taken into consideration. Then, the Tenor is the type of role interaction in which the participants are involved in with the text whether its relevant or not. These features could help explain the situation in which the reader experiences with the text. Halliday (1976) also noted that the association of linguistic features with configuration of situational features as mentioned above (field, mode and te nor) forms a register in the text. Since the concept of cohesion as defined by Halliday (1976) is supported with register, the both can be effectively combined to constitute a text. Therefore, when the writer tries to form a purposive interaction with the reader based on the subject-matter of the text (Field) with relevance to its function and appropriateness (Mode), he or she tries to connect and convey the message to the public (Tenor) via the text read. As for demonstratives in the present study of text analysis, they are employed into sentences when the meaning of the context is dependent on other things rather than the relative physical location of the readers at the instance. This is also known as the discourse deixis and in other terms verbal pointing. This, these, here, those, that are specific demonstratives whereas it and the are non-specific demonstratives. Demonstratives, in table 4, have shown an almost equal reading of frequency (27 for specific; 23 for non-specific). Although, it seems that specific demonstratives is used more often throughout the text if compared to its counterpart. Words like this, these, here, those, that are apparent throughout the text compared to it and the. Yet, there has been much confusion in terms of the usage it. Here, it could be perceived as either a demonstrative or pronoun, depending on the semantic purpose of text. If it is a pronoun, it refers to the object of unknown gender or neuter. B ut if it functions as a demonstrative, the meaning of the word needs to fall back on the logic behind the text. For example, But, somehow, its become a byword for mundane and pedestrian. Of course, It in this sentence does not refer to a human being but the situation mentioned in the preceding sentence. The reader cannot simply comply with the meaning of word without referring to the context. The it substitutes a noun and this replaced noun is also known as the pronouns antecedent. In cases of anaphora, it becomes indecipherable without its context and thus the process of determining the intended meaning of antecedent. In addition, it might also be dummy pronouns, which mean that none of the semantic relations are needed in relation to the context. For instance, Its an understandable pressure to feel underà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Extract #3: Its the bright, shiny moments that we feel like broadcasting, so its easy to get the impression that someones life is fabulously fast-paced and exciting, but thats because it is only interesting to document that thrilling fraction. The interpretation of the text relies on the reference items within sentences, which can be interpreted in two ways; either the item is identified with referent in question or it is being implicitly compared to a referent. When identification is involved with the interpretation of the text, the reference item must always be specific and deitic (Halliday Hasan, 1976) because the identifying function for cohesive purposes must also be specific. Hence, this, these, here, those, that are more commonly used throughout the text. These demonstratives could function as modifier and head of the sentence. Based on Extract #4, there in the sentence, Theres some kind of Hollywood ideal out thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ functions as the Head of the former word, whereas the latter there works as a modifier for out. Apart from that, these words could apply anaphorically to mean the previous things which have been said or mentioned before between the interactions of the speaker/ writer and interlocutor/read er (Extract #5). Extract #4: Dr. Chris Day, psychologist and author of 52 Secrets of Psychology (Dennis Jones Associates), says that many young women feel that a normal existence isnt good enough. The pressure to be living this fun ideal life, knowing amazing people, doing amazing things. Theres some kind of Hollywood ideal out there that women aspire to. But when most of us wake up, life is much more prosaic, so we wonder what were doing wrong. Extract #5: Look at what being normal involves in this culture. A lot of it is what the rest of the world aspires to-sun, lifestyle, healthy food, friends, lots of public holidays, travel. Normal here is pretty good. Finally, comparative comes in the form of adjective or adverb, mostly to denote the property and degree of quality in which it is either greater or less in comparison of both entities. It is used in the context of subordinating conjunction (e.g. than, as..etc). Also, in comparatives, particular comparative occurred more often (6) compared to general ones (4). Particular comparatives refer to comparison in respect to quantity or quality. It is also expressed with aids from adjectives or adverbs. Examples of particular comparatives throughout the text are much more, as many of, better than, pretty great / good and its better to. General comparatives include both similarity and differences in comparatives, in terms of likeness and unlikeness whereby comparison of such is irrespective of any particular property. Such general comparatives take forms in phrases like otherwise, apart from, instead of and also. Since comparatives are used to make comparison of the degree in both entities, it is quite common in narrative and expository writings. Regarding the text chosen for this study, albeit its structure seems more alike an expository; but there is a party (psychologist Dr Chris Day) whom narrates and advises on the pertinent matter. Thus the text is written in a narrative style. Using more comparatives to make differentiation of pros and cons, phrases like apart from, instead of, much more, etc is apparent throughout the text. Limitations Much research can be done on the analysis of variations across languages, registers and even original articles and translation ones. In this current study, only general text analysis is conducted whereby the author decides to omit the theoretical and empirical analysis due to time constraints and lacked of sufficient resources. The author is also restricted in terms of systemic functional grammar knowledge; thus planned to look at a more generalized grammatical cohesion as her basis for the study. For suggestions, a more elaborated and in-depth text analysis on systemic functional grammar perspectives could be conducted in another study for reference in the future. Also, the analysis would not be precise because only the author herself is analyzing the text. Probably, another person could help in second analysis of the same text to make comparisons between both findings (number of occurrences). Also, no software is used to detect the readings; neither SPSS nor WordNet is applicable t o this study due to the nature of this study, partly due to the major time constraints that the author decides on a simpler form of method for analysis. Apart from that, more articles are needed for a substantial analysis to justify the substantive issues on grammatical cohesion. Perhaps, more than one genre (magazines, newspapers, etc) and different aspects of cohesion could be looked into; including the elements of anaphora, endophora, exophora and others to name a few. Not only that, such article from an informal context of pure reading pleasure could result in a more informal stylistic writing. Moreover, the quality control of the article also depends on the publishing company; which is vital in this case of the study. An error has been detected during analysis- note that in paragraph 10 of the text- the sentence should read as happier than those jetsettingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ instead of happier that those jetsetting. This could affect the reading of frequency if error not detected, reflecting the unreliability of the text. Conclusion Whilst the present study is focused merely on the grammatical aspect of referential cohesion, other dimensions of this study could be considered in terms of variations, analysis and types of discourse. In addition, the focus on reference in this study could also be expanded for future studies since the scope is widely ranged in this topic of linguistics. Methods could also be diversified with the help of software such as WordNet and even SPSS for quantitative approach. Textual patterns, linkage, ties and chains could be observed from various perspectives either from a formal or informal context. Fashion magazine was chosen because not many research have been done in an informal context of reading pleasure; most of the studies reflect on academic, news, report and formally written articles. Apart from cohesion, coherence could also be distinguished from the former with more studies done in various discourses, not to mention on the aspect of lexical cohesion as well since both cohesion and coherence are important characteristics in prominent texts (Celce-Marcia Olshtain 2000). Such study on the way cohesion links from one sentence to the next might provide suggestions in the comprehension of effective reading and writing, apart from word choices at semantic level in stylistic writing. Nevertheless, results found in the tables as aforementioned have shown reasonable occurrences across the genre to better understand the cohesiveness of text with help from referential links, whilst the frequency of these links occurred within the text indicates that this particular type of genre -narratives-involves particularly a significant use of pronouns in the making of the article. Ultimately, the understanding of cohesion provides a more comprehensive approach towards discourse analysis and text reading. Appendix 1 Grammatical Cohesion Reference Implies that the information is to be retrieved through the reference item is the referential meaning (pronouns and determiners personal, demonstrative and demonstrative)